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And 17 years since Saddam Hussein died swinging from the end of a hangman=
=E2=80=99s=20
noose=E2=80=A6


Unsubscribe=20
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Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and=20
Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-action=
=20
shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environmen=
ts.=20
"Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they're looki=
ng=20
at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four=
=20
months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live action was shot wi=
th a=20
modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fusion Camera System, devel=
oped=20
by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007, Fox had announced that 3-D=
=20
filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron's=
=20
strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher frame rate to make strobing =
less=20
noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60%=20
computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional=20
miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes=20
Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Live action photograp=
hy=20
began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington and was schedul=
ed=20
to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people worked on the production.[=
70]=20
In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the actors underwent=20
professional training specific to their characters such as archery, horseba=
ck=20
riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They received language and=20
dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film.[72] Before=20
shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical=20
rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on t=
he=20
soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his virtual camera syst=
em,=20
a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system shows the acto=
rs'=20
virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time, allowing t=
he=20
director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action. Accor=
ding=20
to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful game engine. If I want to fly throug=
h=20
space, or change my perspective, I can. I can turn the whole scene into a=
=20
living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale."[74] Using conventio=
nal=20
techniques, the complete virtual world cannot be seen until the motion-capt=
ure=20
of the actors is complete. Cameron said this process does not diminish the=
=20
value or importance of acting. On the contrary, because there is no need fo=
r=20
repeated camera and lighting setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups=
,=20
scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the=
=20
system as a "form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a=20
mountain or the sky or change the time of day, you have complete control ov=
er=20
the elements".[76] Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter=
=20
Jackson a chance to test the new technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to=
=20
think of it as digital makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture=
=20
brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors on=
ly=20
know when they're working in live theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas =
were=20
also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] =
To=20
film the shots where CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referr=
ed=20
to as a "simulcam" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virt=
ual=20
camera systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, t=
he=20
CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are=
=20
superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown =
on a=20
small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors h=
ow=20
to relate to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's person=
al=20
convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food =
to=20
be served on set.


A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during productio=
n.=20
According to Cameron, work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to=
=20
allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequa=
tely=20
portray his vision of the film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of=
=20
photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new motion capt=
ure=20
animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up t=
o=20
December 2006.[74] Innovations include a new system for lighting massive ar=
eas=20
like Pandora's jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times lar=
ger=20
than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial=20
expressions, enabling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturi=
ng,=20
actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera position=
ed=20
in front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial=
=20
expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to=20
Cameron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors'=
=20
physical performances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the=20
performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers,=
=20
numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each=
=20
performance.[83] A technically challenging scene was near the end of the fi=
lm=20
when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form=
,=20
and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light=
=20
between them.[84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in=20
Wellington, at one point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Beca=
use=20
of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and availab=
le=20
for everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud=20
computing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created =
by=20
Microsoft especially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of a=
nd=20
coordinate all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta=
=20
used a 930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packar=
d=20
servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three=20
petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster=
=20
manager, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan an=
d=20
Pixar's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm=20
occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most=20
powerful supercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called=
=20
Mari, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creati=
ng=20
the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petab=
yte=20
of digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avatar=20
occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer=
=20
several hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish=20
preparing the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companie=
s=20
were brought on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked=20
alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible =
for=20
the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised =
a=20
new way to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effec=
ts=20
general supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Music fr=
om=20
the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar World" 0:=
32 listen to=20
a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problems playing this file? =
See=20
media help. Composer James Horner scored the film, his third collaboration =
with=20
Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner recorded parts of the score wi=
th a=20
small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in March 2008.[99] He also=
=20
worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist, to create a music culture f=
or=20
the alien race.[100] The first scoring sessions were planned to take place =
in=20
early 2009.[101] During production, Horner promised Cameron that he would n=
ot=20
work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the sc=
ore=20
from four in the morning until ten at night throughout the process. He stat=
ed=20
in an interview, "Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on =
and=20
the biggest job I have undertaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two=
=20
different scores merged into one. He first created a score that reflected t=
he=20
Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score=
 to=20
drive the film.[72] British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme=
=20
song for the film, called "I See You". An accompanying music video, directe=
d by=20
Jake Nava, premiered December 15, 2009, on MySpace.

Below is an important message from one of our highly valued sponsors. Pleas=
e=20
read it carefully as they have some special information to share with you.


=E2=80=8A


Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the=
=20
context of imperialism, and deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration=
 was=20
"every single science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to=
=20
update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He=20
acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields=
 of=20
the Lord, The Emerald Forest, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes=
=20
between cultures and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a=20
battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighti=
ng=20
against.[105][106] He also cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Princ=
ess=20
Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, Cameron=
=20
filed a 45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in great detai=
l=20
the genesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be=20
Avatar."[107] In addition to historical events (such as European colonizati=
on=20
of the Americas), his life experiences and several of his unproduced projec=
ts,=20
Cameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited hi=
s=20
script and concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced as a short film,=
 as=20
being the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar. He stat=
ed=20
that Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature, the id=
ea=20
of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonization of alien=
=20
planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force, the story =
of a=20
seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically superior force, an=
d=20
the good scientist were all established and recurrent themes" from his earl=
ier=20
films including Aliens, The Abyss, Rambo: First Blood Part II, The Terminat=
or=20
and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He specifically mentioned the "water tentac=
le"=20
in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" that "takes on the appearance of.=
..an=20
alien life form...in order to bridge the cultural gap and build trust."[108=
]=20
Cameron also cited a number of works by other creators as "reference points=
 and=20
sources of inspiration" for Avatar. These include two of his "favorite" fil=
ms,=20
2001: A Space Odyssey, where mankind experiences an evolution after meeting=
=20
alien life, and Lawrence of Arabia, where "an outsider...encounters and=20
immerses into a foreign culture and then ultimately joins that group to fig=
ht=20
other outsiders." Cameron said he became familiar with the concept of a hum=
an=20
operating a "synthetic avatar" inside another world from George Henry Smith=
's=20
short story "In the Imagicon" and Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the=
=20
Stars. He said he learned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk nov=
els=20
Neuromancer by William Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The=
=20
idea of a "world mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem.=20
Cameron mentioned several other films about people interacting with "indige=
nous=20
cultures" as inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Would=
 Be=20
King, The Mission, The Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book and=20
FernGully. He also cited as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stories =
by=20
Edgar Rice Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H.=
=20
Rider Haggard.[108] In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was ask=
ed=20
about the meaning of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarna=
tion=20
of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means =
is=20
that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's=
=20
intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body."[10] Cameron =
also=20
cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell, in terms o=
f=20
how humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities into, ali=
en=20
bodies.[109][110] For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri,=
=20
Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in the traditi=
on=20
of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of =
Jack=20
and Rose from his film Titanic. An interviewer stated, "Both couples come f=
rom=20
radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship an=
d=20
are forced to choose sides between the competing communities."[113] Cameron=
=20
described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas," saying that his plotline followed th=
e=20
historical story of a "white outsider [who] falls in love with the chief's=
=20
daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe and to their special bond with=
=20
nature."[108] Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love st=
ory=20
would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical=20
attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which was developed by=20
considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.[114] Although Camer=
on=20
felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portrayers=20
(Worthington and Saldana) felt the characters did. Cameron said the two act=
ors=20
"had a great chemistry" during filming.[113] A gray mountain in the middle =
of a=20
forest. Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains" were inspired in part by =
the=20
Chinese Huangshan mountains (pictured).[115] Zhangjiajie National Forest Pa=
rk=20
For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspirat=
ion=20
from "many different types of mountains, but mainly the karst limestone=20
formations in China."[116] According to production designer Dylan Cole, the=
=20
fictional floating rocks were inspired by Huangshan (also known as Yellow=
=20
Mountain), Guilin, Zhangjiajie, among others around the world.[116] Cameron=
 had=20
noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating=20
mountains.[117] To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pando=
ra,=20
production designers visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux[118] oil platform in=
 the=20
Gulf of Mexico during June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed eve=
ry=20
aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with=20
photorealistic CGI during post-production.


The first photo of the film was released on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empir=
e=20
released exclusive images from the film in its October issue.[125] Cameron,=
=20
producer Jon Landau, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appear=
ed=20
at a panel, moderated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on Ju=
ly=20
23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weav=
er=20
and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on =
the=20
23rd[128] and 24th[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced at the=
=20
Comic-Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, th=
e=20
trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer a=
nd=20
toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 129-second=20
trailer was released online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-second tra=
iler=20
was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered on=
line=20
on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133][134] An extended=
=20
version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[132] The Holly=
wood=20
Reporter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [same]=20
establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and suggested the showing=
=20
reflected the desire for original storytelling.[135] The teaser has been am=
ong=20
the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the fir=
st=20
place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.[136] On Oct=
ober=20
30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowe=
d=20
Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of=20
press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film premiered live =
on=20
November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium =
in=20
Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's largest=
=20
video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox. It is said to =
be=20
the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history.[138] The Coca-C=
ola=20
Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to=
=20
promote the film. The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com.=
=20
Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero, when held in front of =
a=20
webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D features using=20
augmented reality (AR) technology.[139] The film was heavily promoted in an=
=20
episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The Gamer In The Grease"=20
(Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurring role on=
 the=20
program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the=
=20
film.[140] A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana promoted the f=
ilm=20
on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost.[141]=20
McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe ca=
lled=20
"Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to the website set up b=
y=20
Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi.[142] Bo=
oks=20
Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pando=
ra,=20
a 224-page book in the form of a field guide to the film's fictional settin=
g of=20
the planet of Pandora, was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24,=
=20
2009.[143] It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans=
=20
about Pandora and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathiso=
n.=20
HarperFestival also released Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The=
=20
Reusable Scrapbook for children.[144] The Art of Avatar was released on=20
November 30, 2009, by Abrams Books. The book features detailed production=
=20
artwork from the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa=
=20
Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Camer=
on=20
wrote the epilogue, and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In=
=20
October 2010, Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar, a 272-page b=
ook=20
that detailed the film's production process and contains over 500 color=20
photographs and illustrations.[146] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that =
he=20
planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released.[147=
] In=20
February 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel nove=
l=20
for Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it wou=
ld=20
go into much more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time to d=
eal=20
with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story th=
at=20
fills in a lot of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced that Camero=
n=20
hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar=20
universe.[149] ance Post released a special limited edition stamp based on=
=20
Avatar, coinciding with the film's worldwide release.


*Warning: This is controversial intelligence. It could be removed from the=
=20
Internet at any time. Use your own discretion to continue.

Dear concerned American,

A full 22 years after 9/11=E2=80=A6

And 17 years since Saddam Hussein died swinging from the end of a hangman=
=E2=80=99s=20
noose=E2=80=A6

A former Pentagon insider is making a very bold claim=E2=80=A6

He says THIS is the real reason we invaded Iraq=20
<https://www.bropom.com/TM0527/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/PAUD2>=E2=80=
=A6

And that Saddam=E2=80=99s horrifying final wish =20
<https://www.bropom.com/TM0527/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/PAUD2>is abou=
t to=20
become a reality.

This insider says Saudi Arabia =E2=80=93 where most of the 9/11 terrorists =
were from=E2=80=A6

=E2=80=A6is about to unleash the ultimate =E2=80=9Cweapon of mass destructi=
on=E2=80=9D on the US.

Please act now before it=E2=80=99s too late.

>>Click here to see his uncensored warning.<<<< /a>

Regards,

Matt Insley
Publisher, Paradigm Press


P.S. Saddam Hussein=E2=80=99s =20
<https://www.bropom.com/TM0527/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/PAUD2>final w=
ish=20
for America <https://www.bropom.com/TM0527/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/P=
AUD2>
is about to come true. Millions of Americans will suffer.Lee has also compa=
red=20
Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology.[9] In The Science of Superheroes, Gr=
esh=20
and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War[15] and the threat =
of=20
nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up, Up and Oy Vey.=
[9]=20
This interpretation corresponds with other popularized fictional media crea=
ted=20
during this time period, which took advantage of the prevailing sense among=
=20
Americans that nuclear power could produce monsters and mutants.[16] In the=
=20
debut, Lee chose grey for the Hulk because he wanted a color that did not=
=20
suggest any particular ethnic group.[17] Colorist Stan Goldberg, however, h=
ad=20
problems with the grey coloring, resulting in different shades of grey, and=
=20
even green, in the issue. After seeing the first published issue, Lee chose=
 to=20
change the skin color to green.[18] Green was used in retellings of the ori=
gin,=20
with even reprints of the original story being recolored for the next two=
=20
decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302 (December 1984) reintroduce=
d=20
the grey Hulk in flashbacks set close to the origin story. An exception is =
the=20
early trade paperback, Origins of Marvel Comics, from 1974, which explains =
the=20
difficulties in keeping the grey color consistent in a Stan Lee-written=20
prologue, and reprints the origin story keeping the grey coloration. Since=
=20
December 1984, reprints of the first issue have displayed the original grey=
=20
coloring, with the fictional canon specifying that the Hulk's skin had=20
initially been grey. Lee gave the Hulk's alter ego the alliterative name "B=
ruce=20
Banner" because he found he had less difficulty remembering alliterative na=
mes.=20
Despite this, in later stories he misremembered the character's name and=20
referred to him as "Bob Banner", an error which readers quickly picked up=
=20
on.[19] The discrepancy was resolved by giving the character the official f=
ull=20
name "Robert Bruce Banner."[1] The Hulk got his name from a comic book=20
character named The Heap who was a large green swamp monster.[20] Series=20
history The Hulk's original series was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963).=
 Lee=20
had written each story, with Kirby penciling the first five issues and Stev=
e=20
Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. The character immediately guest-starr=
ed=20
in The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and months later became a founding=
=20
member of the superhero team the Avengers, appearing in the first two issue=
s of=20
the team's eponymous series (Sept. and Nov. 1963), and returning as an=20
antagonist in issue #3 and as an ally in #5 (Jan.=E2=80=93May 1964). He the=
n=20
guest-starred in Fantastic Four #25=E2=80=9326 (April=E2=80=93May 1964), wh=
ich revealed=20
Banner's full name as Robert Bruce Banner, and The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (=
July=20
1964).[21] The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). Cover art by Jack Kirby and P=
aul=20
Reinman. Around this time, co-creator Kirby received a letter from a colleg=
e=20
dormitory stating the Hulk had been chosen as its official mascot.[9] Kirby=
 and=20
Lee realized their character had found an audience in college-age readers. =
A=20
year and a half after The Incredible Hulk was canceled, the Hulk became one=
 of=20
two features in Tales to Astonish, beginning in issue #60 (Oct. 1964).[22] =
This=20
new Hulk feature was initially scripted by Lee, with pencils by Steve Ditko=
 and=20
inks by George Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby=
=20
(#68=E2=80=9387, June 1965 =E2=80=93 Oct. 1966); Gil Kane (credited as "Sco=
tt Edwards", #76,=20
(Feb. 1966)); Bill Everett (#78=E2=80=9384, April=E2=80=93Oct. 1966); John =
Buscema (#85=E2=80=9387);=20
and Marie Severin. The Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains =
the=20
Leader,[4] who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination, anothe=
r=20
gamma-irradiated being.[4] Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tal=
es=20
to Astonish. Beginning with issue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitled T=
he=20
Incredible Hulk vol. 2,[23] and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the se=
ries=20
and launched Hulk #1. Marvel filed for a trademark for "The Incredible Hulk=
" in=20
1967, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the registra=
tion=20
in 1970.[24] Len Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978, working firs=
t=20
with Herb Trimpe, then, as of issue #194 (December 1975), with Sal Buscema,=
 who=20
was the regular artist for ten years.[25] Issues #180=E2=80=93181 (Oct.=E2=
=80=93Nov. 1974)=20
introduced Wolverine as an antagonist,[26] who would go on to become one of=
=20
Marvel Comics' most popular characters. In 1977, Marvel launched a second=
=20
title, The Rampaging Hulk, a black-and-white comics magazine.[4] This was=
=20
originally conceived as a flashback series, set between the end of his=20
original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales =
to=20
Astonish.[27] After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk! and=20
printed in color.[28] In 1977, two Hulk television films were aired to stro=
ng=20
ratings, leading to an Incredible Hulk TV series that aired from 1978 to 19=
82.=20
A huge ratings success, the series introduced the popular Hulk catchphrase=
=20
"Don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry", and broadened t=
he=20
character's popularity from a niche comic book readership into the mainstre=
am=20
consciousness.[29] Bill Mantlo became the series' writer for five years=20
beginning with issue #245 (March 1980). Mantlo's "Crossroads of Eternity"=
=20
stories (#300=E2=80=93313 (Oct. 1984 =E2=80=93 Nov. 1985)) explored the ide=
a that Banner had=20
suffered child abuse. Later Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak have call=
ed=20
these stories an influence on their approaches to the character.[30][31] Ma=
ntlo=20
left the series for Alpha Flight and that series' writer John Byrne took ov=
er=20
The Incredible Hulk.[32] The final issue of Byrne's six issue run featured =
the=20
wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross.[33] Writer Peter David began a 12-y=
ear=20
run with issue #331 (May 1987). He returned to the Roger Stern and Mantlo a=
buse=20
storylines, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering=
=20
dissociative identity disorder (DID).[4] In 1998, David killed off Banner's=
=20
long-time love Betty Ross. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportu=
nity=20
to pursue the return of the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his=20
parting ways with Marvel.[34] Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging=
=20
Hulk as a standard comic book rather than as a comics magazine.[4] The=20
Incredible Hulk was again cancelled with issue #474 of its second volume in=
=20
March 1999 and was replaced with a new series, Hulk the following month, wi=
th=20
returning writer Byrne and art by Ron Garney.[35][36] New series writer Pau=
l=20
Jenkins developed the Hulk's multiple dissociative identities,[37] and his =
run=20
was followed by Bruce Jones[38] with his run featuring Banner being pursued=
 by=20
a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended hi=
s=20
43-issue Incredible Hulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knock=
s=20
#1=E2=80=934 (Nov. 2004 =E2=80=93 Feb. 2005), which Marvel published after =
putting the ongoing=20
series on hiatus. Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the=
=20
six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writer when it was deci=
ded=20
to make that story the first five parts of the revived (vol. 3).[39] After =
a=20
four-part tie-in to the "House of M" storyline and a one-issue epilogue, Da=
vid=20
left the series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for the sake=
 of=20
his career.[40] Writer Greg Pak took over the series in 2006, leading the H=
ulk=20
through several crossover storylines including "Planet Hulk" and "World War=
=20
Hulk", which left the Hulk temporarily incapacitated and replaced as the=20
series' title character by the demigod Hercules in the retitled The Incredi=
ble=20
Hercules (Feb. 2008). The Hulk returned periodically in Hulk, which then=20
starred the new Red Hulk.[41] In September 2009, The Incredible Hulk was=20
relaunched as The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #600.[41] The series was retitle=
d=20
The Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (Nov. 2010) to encompass the Hulk's=20
expanded family, and ran until issue #635 (Oct. 2011) when it was replaced =
with=20
The Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) (15 issues, Dec. 2011 =E2=80=93 Dec. 2012) wri=
tten by=20
Jason Aaron with art by Marc Silvestri.[42] As part of Marvel's 2012 Marvel=
=20
NOW! relaunch, a series called Indestructible Hulk (Nov. 2012) debuted unde=
r=20
the creative team of Mark Waid and Leinil Yu.[43] This series was replaced =
in=20
2014 with The Hulk by Waid and artist Mark Bagley.[44] A new series titled =
The=20
Immortal Hulk, written by Al Ewing and drawn by Joe Bennett, was launched i=
n=20
2018 and ran for 50 issues. The series had a spin-off one-shot Immortal=20
She-Hulk[45] and a spin-off series about Gamma Flight in June 2021.[46] In=
=20
November 2021, Donny Cates became the new writer of Hulk, with Ryan Ottley=
=20
joining as artist. In May 2022, the series did a crossover with the Thor=20
series, also written by Cates, entitled Hulk vs Thor: Banner of War. The se=
ries=20
ran for 14 issues, with Ottley taking over as writer for the last 4 issues=
=20
afters Cates left the book.[47][48] In March 2023, it was announced that a =
new=20
volume of The Incredible Hulk would launch in June 2023, written by Philip=
=20
Kennedy Johnson and drawn by Nic Klein. America could be reduced to a=20
non-superpower.See how to protect your family here=20
<https://www.bropom.com/TM0527/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/PAUD2>.


Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was=
=20
released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18.[156] The film was=
=20
originally set for release on May 22, 2009, during filming[157] but was pus=
hed=20
back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were delivered in=
=20
November)[80] and give more time for theaters worldwide to install 3D=20
projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's aspect ratio would be 1.78:=
1=20
for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for 2D=20
screenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use wit=
h=20
constant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that increase in width to disp=
lay=20
2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 16, =
the=20
movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctioned, and some copies delivered=20
weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theaters. The problems were fixed in =
time for the=20
public premiere.[162] Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theaters in t=
he=20
US, of which 2,032 theaters showed it in 3D. In total, 90% of all advance=
=20
ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings.[163] Internationally, Avata=
r=20
opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories, of which 3,671 were=
=20
showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the first weekend gross).[164][165=
]=20
The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D format, opening in 178=20
theaters in the United States on December 18. The international IMAX releas=
e=20
included 58 theaters beginning on December 16, and 25 more theaters were to=
 be=20
added in the coming weeks.[166] The IMAX release was the company's widest t=
o=20
date, a total of 261 theaters worldwide. The previous IMAX record opening w=
as=20
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which opened in 161 IMAX theaters i=
n=20
the US, and about 70 international.[167] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and=
=20
later released Avatar in 4D version, which included "moving seats, smells o=
f=20
explosives, sprinkling water, laser lights and wind".[20] Post-original rel=
ease=20
In July 2010, Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical=
=20
rerelease of the film on August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IM=
AX=20
3D.[168] Avatar: Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of=20
footage, all of which is CG,[169] including an extension of the sex scene[1=
70]=20
and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film.[1=
69]=20
This extended re-release resulted in the film's run time approaching the=20
then-current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time=
 for=20
the end credits. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost =
more=20
than $1 million a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 12-week=20
re-release, Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in=
=20
North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2=20
million.[5] The film was later re-released in China in March 2021, allowing=
 it=20
to surpass Avengers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film of all=20
time.[24] Avatar was re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, by Walt=
=20
Disney Studios Motion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, with the =
film=20
being remastered in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes at a high fra=
me=20
rate of 48-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to the December 20=
22=20
premiere of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] Prior to this, Camer=
on=20
previously teased a re-release of the film back in 2017 when promoting the=
=20
Dolby Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that there were plans in the wo=
rks=20
to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-release it in Dolby Cinema.


Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and=
=20
Blu-ray in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on April 26.[176] T=
he=20
US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide wi=
th=20
Earth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any=20
supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in f=
avor=20
of and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also preser=
ves=20
the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Cameron felt that was the best fo=
rmat=20
to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc contains DRM (BD+ 5) which some=20
Blu-ray players might not support without a firmware update.[179][180] Avat=
ar=20
set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales at 1.5 million=
=20
units sold, breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight (600,000=
=20
units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were over four millio=
n=20
units sold.[181] In its first four days of release, sales of Avatar on Blu-=
ray=20
reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada =E2=80=93 overtaking Th=
e Dark=20
Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ray release in the region.[182][=
183]=20
The release later broke the Blu-ray sales record in the UK the following=20
week.[184] In its first three weeks of release, the film sold a total of 19=
.7=20
million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined, a new record for sales in that=20
period.[185] As of July 18, 2012, DVD sales (not including Blu-ray) totaled=
=20
over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 in revenue.[186] Avatar reta=
ined=20
its record as the top-selling Blu-ray in the US market until January 2015, =
when=20
it was surpassed by Disney's Frozen.[187] The Avatar three-disc Extended=20
Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu-ray was released on November 16, 2010. T=
hree=20
different versions of the film are present on the discs: the original=20
theatrical cut (162 minutes), the special edition cut (170 minutes), and a=
=20
collector's extended cut (178 minutes). The DVD set spreads the film across=
 two=20
discs, while the Blu-ray set presents it on a single disc.[188] The collect=
or's=20
extended cut contains 8 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes=
=20
longer than the original theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit do=
wn,=20
and in a continuous screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening"=
. He=20
stated the "Earth opening" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of scenes=
 that were=20
in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the=
=20
film's theatrical release.[189] The release also includes an additional 45=
=20
minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initially stated t=
hat=20
Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010, but the studio issued =
a=20
correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3=
D=20
Blu-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version woul=
d be=20
released some time in 2011.[185] It was later revealed that Fox had given=
=20
Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only with the=
=20
purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity period =
is=20
stated to last until February 2012.[191] On October 2010, Cameron stated th=
at=20
the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the film's home rel=
ease=20
and that it was "maybe one, two years out".[192] On Christmas Eve 2010, Ava=
tar=20
had its 3D television world premiere on Sky.[193][194][195] On August 13, 2=
012,=20
Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be released globally on Blu=
-ray=20
3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D version was finally released on October 16, 2012.[1=
97]=20
Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 31=
9=20
reviews are positive, and the average rating is 7.4/10. The site's consensu=
s=20
reads, "It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of=
=20
storytelling, but Avatar reaffirms James Cameron's singular gift for=20
imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."[198] On Metacritic =E2=80=94 which assi=
gns a=20
weighted mean score =E2=80=94 the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based o=
n 35=20
critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaSco=
re=20
gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographi=
c=20
surveyed was reported to give this rating. These polls also indicated that =
the=20
main draw of the film was its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago=20
Sun-Times called the film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of fou=
r.=20
"Watching Avatar, I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977,"=
 he=20
said, adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship =
of=20
the Ring, the film "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is=
 not=20
simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical=
=20
breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201] A. O. Sco=
tt=20
of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he=
=20
viewed Star Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvio=
us,"=20
it was "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCarthy of Variety prai=
sed=20
the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating another=
=20
world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting."[204] =
Kirk=20
Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review. "The=
=20
screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust m=
usic=20
than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," he stated.[205] P=
eter=20
Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three-and-a-half out of four star=
=20
rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the possibilities of what=
=20
movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as his dreams."[206] Ric=
hard=20
Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was "the most vivid and=20
convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving=
=20
pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film has=
=20
"powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue" and "obvious=20
characterization".[208] James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film an=
d=20
its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In 3-D, it's immersi=
ve =E2=80=93=20
but the traditional film elements =E2=80=93 story, character, editing, them=
e, emotional=20
resonance, etc. =E2=80=93 are presented with sufficient expertise to make e=
ven the 2-D=20
version an engrossing 2+1=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underly=
ing social=20
and political themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New York Pres=
s=20
wrote that Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent=
=20
facets of militarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Russell D. Mo=
ore=20
of The Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and st=
ated=20
"If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud t=
he=20
defeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special=20
effects."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the=
=20
film, calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the=
=20
American colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs.=
=20
United Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film=
 is=20
"Cameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood's religion of choice=
 for=20
a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called the f=
ilm=20
a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general",[215] and=
=20
Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commended the film's=
=20
message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the=
=20
Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is another =
film=20
that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some white guy" become=
s=20
the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.[217] Michael Phillips of =
the=20
Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the season's ideological Rorschach blot",[21=
8]=20
while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thought that "It [was]=20
impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the=20
director's ideological hammer."[219] Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essenti=
al,=20
yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar's success concerns=
=20
contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and "the transition from the=
=20
world of reality to that of virtual reality".[220] Critics and audiences ha=
ve=20
cited similarities with other films, literature or media, describing the=20
perceived connections in ways ranging from simple "borrowing" to outright=
=20
plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called it "the same movie" as Dance=
s=20
with Wolves.[221] Like Dances with Wolves, Avatar has been characterized as=
=20
being a "white savior" movie, in which a "backwards" native people is impot=
ent=20
without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture.[222][223]=
=20
Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson's 1957=
=20
novelette "Call Me Joe", in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit =
to=20
control an artificial body on Jupiter.[224][225] Cinema audiences in Russia=
=20
have noted that Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe=
=20
novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, which are set in the 22nd century on=
 a=20
forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the=
=20
Nave.[226] Various reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully: The=
=20
Last Rainforest,[227][228] Pocahontas[229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's=
=20
Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of tropes, with one=20
commentator stating that Avatar was made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts=
 in=20
a blender".[231] Gary Westfahl wrote that "the science fiction story that m=
ost=20
closely resembles Avatar has to be Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for Wo=
rld=20
Is Forest (1972), another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who=
=20
happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until the=
y=20
are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that th=
e=20
only good gook is a dead gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor=
=20
Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the=
=20
"mash-up" included Alan Dean Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sourc=
es=20
saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic ima=
ges=20
of dragons and floating rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued Camer=
on=20
and Fox, claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sough=
t=20
damages of $50m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The Hollywood=
=20
Reporter noted that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cases.[236]=
=20
Avatar received compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg praising=
 it=20
as "the most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since Star Wars" a=
nd=20
others calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and=20
"brilliant". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian is also a=
=20
noted fan of the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said: "It's not=
 in=20
my top three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you h=
ave=20
any doubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For French filmmaker Luc=20
Besson, Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the=
=20
graphic novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that technologically suppo=
rts the=20
scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original script=
 in=20
the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.[239] TIME ranked Avatar num=
ber=20
3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus Far)"[24=
0]=20
also earning it a spot on the magazine's All-Time 100 list,[241] and IGN li=
sted=20
Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-Fi movies of all time.


You are receiving this e-mail because you have expressed an =D1=96nterest i=
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 After the film's release and unusually strong box office performance over =
its=20
first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titan=
ic's=20
worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts.[=
294]=20
Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing=20
Titanic, such as 2008's The Dark Knight,[295] but Avatar was considered the=
=20
first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by=
=20
higher ticket prices for 3D screenings[294] did not fully explain its succe=
ss=20
to box office analysts. "Most films are considered to be healthy if they ma=
nage=20
anything less than a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dip=
ping=20
just 11% from the first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedia=
n,=20
president of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just=20
unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thought it was a=20
miscalculation."[296] Analysts predicted second place for the film's worldw=
ide=20
gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because "Today's=
=20
films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released."[296]=
=20
Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances =
of=20
becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though he also believed it =
was=20
too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays. He sai=
d,=20
"While Avatar may beat Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is=
=20
unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 chea=
per=20
in the late 1990s."[296] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to =
"try=20
to topple Titanic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord=
"=20
and there had been other good films in recent years.[297] He changed his=20
prediction by mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time,"=
 he=20
said.[298] You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fan=
tasy=20
and fiction, the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People want=
 a=20
persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the deta=
il=20
that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhere else. =
Like=20
Pandora. James Cameron on the success of Avatar[299] Although analysts have=
=20
been unable to agree that Avatar's success is attributable to one primary=
=20
factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, January is historic=
ally=20
"the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and this also applied to=
=20
2010.[300] Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so =
that=20
it would have less competition from then to January.[287] Titanic capitaliz=
ed=20
on the same January predictability, and earned most of its gross in 1998.[3=
00]=20
Additionally, Avatar established itself as a "must-see" event. Gray said, "=
At=20
this point, people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar and=
=20
would even if the slate was strong."[300] Marketing the film as a "novelty=
=20
factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that shou=
ld=20
be seen in the theaters. "It's really hard to sell the idea that you can ha=
ve=20
the same experience at home," stated David Mumpower, an analyst at=20
BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buzz" surrounding the film and=20
international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned=20
overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar opened in 106 markets=20
globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "such as Russia, wh=
ere=20
Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "mo=
re=20
screens and moviegoers" than before.[300] According to Variety, films in 3D=
=20
accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold increase over 2008 and more =
than=20
10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The increased ticket price =E2=80=
=93 an=20
average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets =E2=80=93 helped the film.[3=
00]=20
Likewise, Entertainment Weekly attributed the film's success to 3D glasses =
but=20
also to its "astronomic word-of-mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up=
 to=20
$18.50 for IMAX tickets, but "the buzz" created by the new technology was t=
he=20
possible cause for sold-out screenings.[301] Gray said Avatar having no bas=
is=20
in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and eve=
n=20
more impressive. "The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story=
 and=20
themes," he said, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-gross=
ing=20
films: Titanic (historical events), the Star Wars movies (an established fi=
lm=20
franchise), or The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell=20
..."[300] The Hollywood Reporter estimated that after a combined production=
 and=20
promotion cost of between $387=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net p=
rofit of=20
$1.2 billion.
------=_Part_2364498_985152843.1707652773956
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0%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"=
><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stac=
k" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=
=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso=
-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000; wi=
dth: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=
=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-ta=
ble-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; pad=
ding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; bor=
der-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"t=
op"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpad=
ding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div sty=
le=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,s=
ans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: =
border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; m=
so-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margi=
n: 0;">Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles =
and Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-act=
ion shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live enviro=
nments. "Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they'=
re looking at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already wo=
rked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live action w=
as shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fusion Camer=
a System, developed by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007, Fox had=
 announced that 3-D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per secon=
d despite Cameron's strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher frame ra=
te to make strobing less noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the film is =
composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as=
 traditional miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at t=
he Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Live action=
 photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington an=
d was scheduled to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people worked on =
the production.[70] In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the act=
ors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as ar=
chery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They receive=
d language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film.=
[72] Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian t=
ropical rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shoot=
ing on the soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his virtual =
camera system, a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system=
 shows the actors' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in re=
al time, allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shoot=
ing live action. According to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful game engi=
ne. If I want to fly through space, or change my perspective, I can. I can =
turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1=
 scale."[74] Using conventional techniques, the complete virtual world cann=
ot be seen until the motion-capture of the actors is complete. Cameron said=
 this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting. On the c=
ontrary, because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups, =
costume fittings and make-up touch-ups, scenes do not need to be interrupte=
d repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the system as a "form of pure creation =
where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the tim=
e of day, you have complete control over the elements".[76] Cameron gave fe=
llow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson a chance to test the new =
technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to think of it as digital makeup, n=
ot augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a kin=
d of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they're working in l=
ive theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to visit the se=
t to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] To film the shots where C=
GI interacts with live action, a unique camera referred to as a "simulcam" =
was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virtual camera systems.=
 While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, the CGI images c=
aptured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are superimposed =
over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a small mo=
nitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors how to re=
late to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's personal co=
nvictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food to=
 be served on set. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table>=
</td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-4" align=3D"center" width=
=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presenta=
tion" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspac=
e: 0; background-size: auto;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ta=
ble class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=
=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; back=
ground-size: auto; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600=
" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-=
weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2px; verti=
cal-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-le=
ft: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" w=
idth=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"pres=
entation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-r=
space: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family=
: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"=
center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; ma=
x-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; ma=
x-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">A number of innovative visual effe=
cts techniques were used during production. According to Cameron, work on t=
he film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach t=
he necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the =
film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer-g=
enerated characters, created using new motion capture animation technologie=
s he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006.[74] =
Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora's =
jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times larger than any pr=
eviously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enab=
ling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturing, actors wore i=
ndividually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front o=
f the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial expressio=
ns and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to Cameron, the=
 method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors' physical perf=
ormances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the performance capture=
 data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous reference =
cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance.[83] A=
 technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the comput=
er-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and attention=
 was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them.[=
84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington, at one =
point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Because of the huge amo=
unt of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and available for everybod=
y involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud computing and =
Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created by Microsoft e=
specially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordina=
te all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta used a =
930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packard serve=
rs with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabyte=
s of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster manager=
, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan and Pixar=
's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm occupies=
 the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most powerful s=
upercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called Mari, was =
developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creating the Na'=
vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petabyte of =
digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avatar occupi=
es 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer several=
 hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish preparing t=
he special effects sequences on time, a number of other companies were brou=
ght on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked alongside We=
ta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible for the visu=
al effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised a new wa=
y to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effects gen=
eral supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Music from =
the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar World" 0:=
32 listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problems playin=
g this file? See media help. Composer James Horner scored the film, his thi=
rd collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner recorded=
 parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi=
 in March 2008.[99] He also worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist,=
 to create a music culture for the alien race.[100] The first scoring sessi=
ons were planned to take place in early 2009.[101] During production, Horne=
r promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for A=
vatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning until ten=
 at night throughout the process. He stated in an interview, "Avatar has be=
en the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have unde=
rtaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into=
 one. He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and th=
en combined it with a separate "traditional" score to drive the film.[72] B=
ritish singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the film, c=
alled "I See You". An accompanying music video, directed by Jake Nava, prem=
iered December 15, 2009, on MySpace. </div></div></td></tr></table><table c=
lass=3D"text_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" c=
ellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso=
-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; word-break: break-word;"><tr style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-to=
p: 2px;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,=
sans-serif;"><div class style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; f=
ont-family: Roboto,Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif; mso-line-height-alt: 14=
.399999999999999px; color: #7da496; line-height: 1.2;"><p style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0; font-size: 12px; text-alig=
n: center; mso-line-height-alt: 14.399999999999999px;">Below is an importan=
t message from one of our highly valued sponsors. Please read it carefully =
as they have some special information to share with you.</p></div></div></t=
d></tr></table><table class=3D"divider_block block-3" width=3D"100%" border=
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ox-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-to=
p: 5px;"><div class=3D"alignment" align=3D"center" style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box;"><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"p=
resentation" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspa=
ce: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td clas=
s=3D"divider_inner" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1px; line-h=
eight: 1px; border-top: 1px solid #000;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box;">&#8202;</span></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></t=
body></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-5" align=3D"=
center" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" rol=
e=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; ms=
o-table-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=
=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cell=
spacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-ta=
ble-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: =
0; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#ff=
f"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-=
align: left; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bo=
ttom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"htm=
l_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=
=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lsp=
ace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td cla=
ss=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align:=
 center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: n=
one; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: =
0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Avatar is prima=
rily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the context of imper=
ialism, and deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration was "every sing=
le science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to update the s=
tyle of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He acknowledged that =
Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields of the Lord, The =
Emerald Forest, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes between cultur=
es and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a battered soldier=
 finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against.[105]=
[106] He also cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Princess Mononoke =
as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, Cameron filed a =
45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in great detail the ge=
nesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be Avatar."=
[107] In addition to historical events (such as European colonization of th=
e Americas), his life experiences and several of his unproduced projects, C=
ameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited his=
 script and concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced as a short film=
, as being the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar. He=
 stated that Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature=
, the idea of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonizati=
on of alien planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force=
, the story of a seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically s=
uperior force, and the good scientist were all established and recurrent th=
emes" from his earlier films including Aliens, The Abyss, Rambo: First Bloo=
d Part II, The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He specifically m=
entioned the "water tentacle" in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" tha=
t "takes on the appearance of...an alien life form...in order to bridge the=
 cultural gap and build trust."[108] Cameron also cited a number of works b=
y other creators as "reference points and sources of inspiration" for Avata=
r. These include two of his "favorite" films, 2001: A Space Odyssey, where =
mankind experiences an evolution after meeting alien life, and Lawrence of =
Arabia, where "an outsider...encounters and immerses into a foreign culture=
 and then ultimately joins that group to fight other outsiders." Cameron sa=
id he became familiar with the concept of a human operating a "synthetic av=
atar" inside another world from George Henry Smith's short story "In the Im=
agicon" and Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the Stars. He said he lea=
rned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk novels Neuromancer by Wi=
lliam Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The idea of a "world=
 mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem. Cameron mentioned =
several other films about people interacting with "indigenous cultures" as =
inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Would Be King, The=
 Mission, The Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book and FernGully. =
He also cited as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stories by Edgar Ri=
ce Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H. Rider Ha=
ggard.[108] In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was asked about=
 the meaning of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarnation =
of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means =
is that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human'=
s intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body."[10] Camero=
n also cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell, in =
terms of how humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities =
into, alien bodies.[109][110] For the love story between characters Jake an=
d Neytiri, Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in =
the tradition of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its similarity to t=
he pairing of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic. An interviewer stated, "=
Both couples come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous o=
f their relationship and are forced to choose sides between the competing c=
ommunities."[113] Cameron described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas," saying tha=
t his plotline followed the historical story of a "white outsider [who] fal=
ls in love with the chief's daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe an=
d to their special bond with nature."[108] Cameron felt that whether or not=
 the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially=
 hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which=
 was developed by considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.[1=
14] Although Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, =
their portrayers (Worthington and Saldana) felt the characters did. Cameron=
 said the two actors "had a great chemistry" during filming.[113] A gray mo=
untain in the middle of a forest. Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains"=
 were inspired in part by the Chinese Huangshan mountains (pictured).[115] =
Zhangjiajie National Forest Park For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mounta=
ins", the designers drew inspiration from "many different types of mountain=
s, but mainly the karst limestone formations in China."[116] According to p=
roduction designer Dylan Cole, the fictional floating rocks were inspired b=
y Huangshan (also known as Yellow Mountain), Guilin, Zhangjiajie, among oth=
ers around the world.[116] Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese p=
eaks on the design of the floating mountains.[117] To create the interiors =
of the human mining colony on Pandora, production designers visited the Nob=
le Clyde Boudreaux[118] oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during June 2007=
. They photographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the platform, whic=
h was later replicated on-screen with photorealistic CGI during post-produc=
tion. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></t=
body></table><table class=3D"row row-6" align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" bor=
der=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbo=
dy style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
<td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" al=
ign=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"pre=
sentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-=
rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000; width: 60=
0px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"colum=
n column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspac=
e: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-top:=
 5px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0=
; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block=
 block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" r=
ole=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; =
mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pa=
d" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; =
font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;=
" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; wid=
th: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-=
size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">The first photo of the =
film was released on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empire released exclusive im=
ages from the film in its October issue.[125] Cameron, producer Jon Landau,=
 Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel, moder=
ated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on July 23. Twenty-fiv=
e minutes of footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weaver and Cameron=
 appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on the 23rd[12=
8] and 24th[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced at the Comic-Co=
n Avatar Panel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, the traile=
r was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer and toy=
 line of the film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 129-second trail=
er was released online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-second trailer =
was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered on=
line on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133][134] An exten=
ded version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[132] The H=
ollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [sam=
e] establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and suggested the showin=
g reflected the desire for original storytelling.[135] The teaser has been =
among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching t=
he first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.[13=
6] On October 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietn=
am, Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to=
 a number of press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film pr=
emiered live on November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at =
Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of t=
he world's largest video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on =
Fox. It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in hi=
story.[138] The Coca-Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwi=
de marketing campaign to promote the film. The highlight of the campaign wa=
s the website AVTR.com. Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero=
, when held in front of a webcam, enabled users to interact with the websit=
e's 3-D features using augmented reality (AR) technology.[139] The film was=
 heavily promoted in an episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The=
 Gamer In The Grease" (Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore h=
as a recurring role on the program, and is seen in the episode anxiously aw=
aiting the release of the film.[140] A week prior to the American release, =
Zoe Saldana promoted the film on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an =
animated Space Ghost.[141] McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in televisi=
on commercials in Europe called "Avatarize yourself", which encouraged peop=
le to go to the website set up by Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselv=
es to change into a Na'vi.[142] Books Avatar: A Confidential Report on the =
Biological and Social History of Pandora, a 224-page book in the form of a =
field guide to the film's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora, was r=
eleased by Harper Entertainment on November 24, 2009.[143] It is presented =
as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life=
 on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison. HarperFestival also rel=
eased Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The Reusable Scrapbook for =
children.[144] The Art of Avatar was released on November 30, 2009, by Abra=
ms Books. The book features detailed production artwork from the film, incl=
uding production sketches, illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick, and film stil=
ls. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Cameron wrote the epilogue, and=
 director Peter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In October 2010, Abrams Boo=
ks also released The Making of Avatar, a 272-page book that detailed the fi=
lm's production process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustr=
ations.[146] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that he planned to write a n=
ovel version of Avatar after the film was released.[147] In February 2010, =
producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for Avatar th=
at will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it would go into mu=
ch more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time to deal with",=
 saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story that fil=
ls in a lot of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced that Cameron h=
ired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar univer=
se.[149] ance Post released a special limited edition stamp based on Avatar=
, coinciding with the film's worldwide release. </div></div></td></tr></tab=
le><table class=3D"html_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadd=
ing=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sa=
ns-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><table border=3D"0" cellpad=
ding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"body" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
; width: 100%;" width=3D"100%"> <tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <=
tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <table align=3D"center" cellpadding=3D"0"=
 cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"table-container" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; max-width: 600px; width: 100%;"> <tbody style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td height=3D"30" =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"></td> </tr> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box;"> <td align=3D"left" class=3D"td-padding-copies copy-text" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; font-weig=
ht: normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; font-size: 16px; vertical-a=
lign: top; font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;" valign=3D"top"><span style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; color: #c21010;"><b style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box;"><i style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">*Warning: This is controversial=
 intelligence. It could be removed from the Internet at any time. Use your =
own discretion to continue.</i></b></span><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Dear concerned American,<br styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">A full =
22 years after 9/11=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">And 17 years since Saddam Hussein died swingin=
g from the end of a hangman=E2=80=99s noose=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">A former Pentagon insi=
der is making a very bold claim=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">He says <a href=3D"https://links.e=
.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Daad=
d89c5ee99443fabf4ca6a552ea80b&_e=3Domshx42yQA5c5_tLprQLzwHNY__oKFtHou3imMWL=
Wy6X_9KoocZii9bbz0rGs-rj_x5NJlD1FGqJ7DyXv1aGUf3mo1pemUaNcpvaNFOibwCMz15FBKl=
RKZ-g95Sg7YVhtJpF3N44Wc4allCe_SSA2QUuh0PWDrvUVNFu4q6mqIZSoJ1UH39LW0-xBqrx1K=
ra__bOh1WPM1dJIbC433NpmlOcMLV8YYDXHioP6UsRRBn37RYmliyGk8fWo-bwNhmI" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900; text-decoration: underline;">=
THIS is the real reason we invaded Iraq</a>=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">And that <a href=3D"ht=
tps://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81b=
a1b6&_m=3Daadd89c5ee99443fabf4ca6a552ea80b&_e=3Domshx42yQA5c5_tLprQLzwHNY__=
oKFtHou3imMWLWy6X_9KoocZii9bbz0rGs-rj_x5NJlD1FGqJ7DyXv1aGUf3mo1pemUaNcpvaNF=
OibwCCYJ1UkWVJM_EDJc717Y4pV2bzGNZMNXqn90_LGy3KQZomKT6NJjXRn09NrJUGXLnE6mzZQ=
GcU1mKLP8DXp2zhFYVJdydRIBX27U1_CnLJJHmlxI6UNFih1_pey-8Bs43FcmdyLf7_xzbX5844=
10Cc" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900; text-decoration: u=
nderline;">Saddam=E2=80=99s horrifying final wish </a>is about to become a =
reality.<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box;">This insider says Saudi Arabia =E2=80=93 where most of the 9/11 te=
rrorists were from=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=E2=80=A6is about to unleash the ultimate =E2=
=80=9Cweapon of mass destruction=E2=80=9D on the US.<br style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Please act now before =
it=E2=80=99s too late.<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"><a href=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/cli=
ck?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Daadd89c5ee99443fabf4ca6a552ea=
80b&_e=3Domshx42yQA5c5_tLprQLzwHNY__oKFtHou3imMWLWy6X_9KoocZii9bbz0rGs-rj_x=
5NJlD1FGqJ7DyXv1aGUf3mo1pemUaNcpvaNFOibwBdwgEnqNbwo2TCNctLp4D21ulTEE3TfKqfQ=
uhC-9tGjcef93ALxm2Hq1es3Cp6Fa2h2uEiBwimCYISLKz0IaOtW73UuebOB70i31BdlDd88IjZ=
v1cK0iB6iR5ZEaNjVZZzDh4eOC-1ih31T4xUgxfe" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; =
font-weight: 900; text-decoration: underline;">>>Click here to see his unce=
nsored warning.<<<< /a><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;">Regards,<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Matt Insley<br style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box;">Publisher, Paradigm Press<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">P.S.=
 Saddam Hussein=E2=80=99s <a href=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/=
click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Daadd89c5ee99443fabf4ca6a55=
2ea80b&_e=3Domshx42yQA5c5_tLprQLzwHNY__oKFtHou3imMWLWy6X_9KoocZii9bbz0rGs-r=
j_x5NJlD1FGqJ7DyXv1aGUf3mo1pemUaNcpvaNFOibwCjTVgYqy4-q_grshIbKZThVNALcS8zDi=
adXWVRqtl68Nt3BwgY6_Hif27IFVtFn7m3ARd0J627TJtzvUECvyiirIsVkGa5QD1wEwFvaK6VR=
4PqLJUWmX272rZ-IwowiwrUVIfNOjTutu0GVe9anOR2" style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x; font-weight: 900; text-decoration: underline;">final wish for America </=
a>is about to come true. Millions of Americans will suffer. <div style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow=
: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-heigh=
t: 0; margin: 0;">Lee has also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mytholo=
gy.[9] In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a =
reaction to the Cold War[15] and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpret=
ation shared by Weinstein in Up, Up and Oy Vey.[9] This interpretation corr=
esponds with other popularized fictional media created during this time per=
iod, which took advantage of the prevailing sense among Americans that nucl=
ear power could produce monsters and mutants.[16] In the debut, Lee chose g=
rey for the Hulk because he wanted a color that did not suggest any particu=
lar ethnic group.[17] Colorist Stan Goldberg, however, had problems with th=
e grey coloring, resulting in different shades of grey, and even green, in =
the issue. After seeing the first published issue, Lee chose to change the =
skin color to green.[18] Green was used in retellings of the origin, with e=
ven reprints of the original story being recolored for the next two decades=
, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302 (December 1984) reintroduced the g=
rey Hulk in flashbacks set close to the origin story. An exception is the e=
arly trade paperback, Origins of Marvel Comics, from 1974, which explains t=
he difficulties in keeping the grey color consistent in a Stan Lee-written =
prologue, and reprints the origin story keeping the grey coloration. Since =
December 1984, reprints of the first issue have displayed the original grey=
 coloring, with the fictional canon specifying that the Hulk's skin had ini=
tially been grey. Lee gave the Hulk's alter ego the alliterative name "Bruc=
e Banner" because he found he had less difficulty remembering alliterative =
names. Despite this, in later stories he misremembered the character's name=
 and referred to him as "Bob Banner", an error which readers quickly picked=
 up on.[19] The discrepancy was resolved by giving the character the offici=
al full name "Robert Bruce Banner."[1] The Hulk got his name from a comic b=
ook character named The Heap who was a large green swamp monster.[20] Serie=
s history The Hulk's original series was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963=
). Lee had written each story, with Kirby penciling the first five issues a=
nd Steve Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. The character immediately gu=
est-starred in The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and months later became=
 a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers, appearing in the fir=
st two issues of the team's eponymous series (Sept. and Nov. 1963), and ret=
urning as an antagonist in issue #3 and as an ally in #5 (Jan.=E2=80=93May =
1964). He then guest-starred in Fantastic Four #25=E2=80=9326 (April=E2=80=
=93May 1964), which revealed Banner's full name as Robert Bruce Banner, and=
 The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964).[21] The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 19=
62). Cover art by Jack Kirby and Paul Reinman. Around this time, co-creator=
 Kirby received a letter from a college dormitory stating the Hulk had been=
 chosen as its official mascot.[9] Kirby and Lee realized their character h=
ad found an audience in college-age readers. A year and a half after The In=
credible Hulk was canceled, the Hulk became one of two features in Tales to=
 Astonish, beginning in issue #60 (Oct. 1964).[22] This new Hulk feature wa=
s initially scripted by Lee, with pencils by Steve Ditko and inks by George=
 Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby (#68=E2=80=93=
87, June 1965 =E2=80=93 Oct. 1966); Gil Kane (credited as "Scott Edwards", =
#76, (Feb. 1966)); Bill Everett (#78=E2=80=9384, April=E2=80=93Oct. 1966); =
John Buscema (#85=E2=80=9387); and Marie Severin. The Tales to Astonish run=
 introduced the super-villains the Leader,[4] who would become the Hulk's n=
emesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being.[4] Marie Sever=
in finished out the Hulk's run in Tales to Astonish. Beginning with issue #=
102 (April 1968) the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk vol. 2,[23] and =
ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the series and launched Hulk #1. Marve=
l filed for a trademark for "The Incredible Hulk" in 1967, and the United S=
tates Patent and Trademark Office issued the registration in 1970.[24] Len =
Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978, working first with Herb Trimp=
e, then, as of issue #194 (December 1975), with Sal Buscema, who was the re=
gular artist for ten years.[25] Issues #180=E2=80=93181 (Oct.=E2=80=93Nov. =
1974) introduced Wolverine as an antagonist,[26] who would go on to become =
one of Marvel Comics' most popular characters. In 1977, Marvel launched a s=
econd title, The Rampaging Hulk, a black-and-white comics magazine.[4] This=
 was originally conceived as a flashback series, set between the end of his=
 original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales=
 to Astonish.[27] After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk! an=
d printed in color.[28] In 1977, two Hulk television films were aired to st=
rong ratings, leading to an Incredible Hulk TV series that aired from 1978 =
to 1982. A huge ratings success, the series introduced the popular Hulk cat=
chphrase "Don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry", and br=
oadened the character's popularity from a niche comic book readership into =
the mainstream consciousness.[29] Bill Mantlo became the series' writer for=
 five years beginning with issue #245 (March 1980). Mantlo's "Crossroads of=
 Eternity" stories (#300=E2=80=93313 (Oct. 1984 =E2=80=93 Nov. 1985)) explo=
red the idea that Banner had suffered child abuse. Later Hulk writers Peter=
 David and Greg Pak have called these stories an influence on their approac=
hes to the character.[30][31] Mantlo left the series for Alpha Flight and t=
hat series' writer John Byrne took over The Incredible Hulk.[32] The final =
issue of Byrne's six issue run featured the wedding of Bruce Banner and Bet=
ty Ross.[33] Writer Peter David began a 12-year run with issue #331 (May 19=
87). He returned to the Roger Stern and Mantlo abuse storylines, expanding =
the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering dissociative identity =
disorder (DID).[4] In 1998, David killed off Banner's long-time love Betty =
Ross. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportunity to pursue the re=
turn of the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his parting ways with =
Marvel.[34] Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging Hulk as a standar=
d comic book rather than as a comics magazine.[4] The Incredible Hulk was a=
gain cancelled with issue #474 of its second volume in March 1999 and was r=
eplaced with a new series, Hulk the following month, with returning writer =
Byrne and art by Ron Garney.[35][36] New series writer Paul Jenkins develop=
ed the Hulk's multiple dissociative identities,[37] and his run was followe=
d by Bruce Jones[38] with his run featuring Banner being pursued by a secre=
t conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-is=
sue Incredible Hulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1=
=E2=80=934 (Nov. 2004 =E2=80=93 Feb. 2005), which Marvel published after pu=
tting the ongoing series on hiatus. Peter David, who had initially signed a=
 contract for the six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as write=
r when it was decided to make that story the first five parts of the revive=
d (vol. 3).[39] After a four-part tie-in to the "House of M" storyline and =
a one-issue epilogue, David left the series once more, citing the need to d=
o non-Hulk work for the sake of his career.[40] Writer Greg Pak took over t=
he series in 2006, leading the Hulk through several crossover storylines in=
cluding "Planet Hulk" and "World War Hulk", which left the Hulk temporarily=
 incapacitated and replaced as the series' title character by the demigod H=
ercules in the retitled The Incredible Hercules (Feb. 2008). The Hulk retur=
ned periodically in Hulk, which then starred the new Red Hulk.[41] In Septe=
mber 2009, The Incredible Hulk was relaunched as The Incredible Hulk (vol. =
2) #600.[41] The series was retitled The Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (=
Nov. 2010) to encompass the Hulk's expanded family, and ran until issue #63=
5 (Oct. 2011) when it was replaced with The Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) (15 is=
sues, Dec. 2011 =E2=80=93 Dec. 2012) written by Jason Aaron with art by Mar=
c Silvestri.[42] As part of Marvel's 2012 Marvel NOW! relaunch, a series ca=
lled Indestructible Hulk (Nov. 2012) debuted under the creative team of Mar=
k Waid and Leinil Yu.[43] This series was replaced in 2014 with The Hulk by=
 Waid and artist Mark Bagley.[44] A new series titled The Immortal Hulk, wr=
itten by Al Ewing and drawn by Joe Bennett, was launched in 2018 and ran fo=
r 50 issues. The series had a spin-off one-shot Immortal She-Hulk[45] and a=
 spin-off series about Gamma Flight in June 2021.[46] In November 2021, Don=
ny Cates became the new writer of Hulk, with Ryan Ottley joining as artist.=
 In May 2022, the series did a crossover with the Thor series, also written=
 by Cates, entitled Hulk vs Thor: Banner of War. The series ran for 14 issu=
es, with Ottley taking over as writer for the last 4 issues afters Cates le=
ft the book.[47][48] In March 2023, it was announced that a new volume of T=
he Incredible Hulk would launch in June 2023, written by Philip Kennedy Joh=
nson and drawn by Nic Klein. </div> America could be reduced to a non-super=
power. <a href=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4f=
a6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Daadd89c5ee99443fabf4ca6a552ea80b&_e=3Domshx42=
yQA5c5_tLprQLzwHNY__oKFtHou3imMWLWy6X_9KoocZii9bbz0rGs-rj_x5NJlD1FGqJ7DyXv1=
aGUf3mo1pemUaNcpvaNFOibwB4q6yROOhCQGcpDWlvxX_02hqJJwZwQOq51dmnQsY5yo8d-7ytV=
5yGUCBtFPdzuBEJr4xMPM7lXgX8YI1vkpsJEWlBOeb851GKQnCROqxXmyhvtiBe6pPnRg3HSgId=
EUZy3pwmYI70GYb8hgWX9dEm" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900=
; text-decoration: underline;">See how to protect your family here</a>.<br =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"></a=
></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div></td></tr=
></table><table class=3D"html_block block-3" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" ce=
llpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><di=
v style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvet=
ica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidd=
en; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; =
margin: 0;">Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 20=
09, and was released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18.[156] Th=
e film was originally set for release on May 22, 2009, during filming[157] =
but was pushed back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were=
 delivered in November)[80] and give more time for theaters worldwide to in=
stall 3D projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's aspect ratio would=
 be 1.78:1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for=
 2D screenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use=
 with constant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that increase in width t=
o display 2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on Dec=
ember 16, the movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctioned, and some copie=
s delivered weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theaters. The problems we=
re fixed in time for the public premiere.[162] Avatar was released in a tot=
al of 3,457 theaters in the US, of which 2,032 theaters showed it in 3D. In=
 total, 90% of all advance ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings.[=
163] Internationally, Avatar opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 ter=
ritories, of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the =
first weekend gross).[164][165] The film was simultaneously presented in IM=
AX 3D format, opening in 178 theaters in the United States on December 18. =
The international IMAX release included 58 theaters beginning on December 1=
6, and 25 more theaters were to be added in the coming weeks.[166] The IMAX=
 release was the company's widest to date, a total of 261 theaters worldwid=
e. The previous IMAX record opening was Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Pri=
nce, which opened in 161 IMAX theaters in the US, and about 70 internationa=
l.[167] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later released Avatar in 4D vers=
ion, which included "moving seats, smells of explosives, sprinkling water, =
laser lights and wind".[20] Post-original release In July 2010, Cameron con=
firmed that there would be an extended theatrical rerelease of the film on =
August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D.[168] Avatar: Speci=
al Edition includes an additional nine minutes of footage, all of which is =
CG,[169] including an extension of the sex scene[170] and various other sce=
nes that were cut from the original theatrical film.[169] This extended re-=
release resulted in the film's run time approaching the then-current IMAX p=
latter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time for the end credit=
s. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost more than $1 m=
illion a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 12-week re-release, =
Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in North Ameri=
ca and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2 million.[5] T=
he film was later re-released in China in March 2021, allowing it to surpas=
s Avengers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film of all time.[24] Av=
atar was re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, by Walt Disney Stud=
ios Motion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, with the film being =
remastered in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes at a high frame rat=
e of 48-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to the December 2022 =
premiere of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] Prior to this, Camer=
on previously teased a re-release of the film back in 2017 when promoting t=
he Dolby Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that there were plans in the=
 works to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-release it in Dolby Ci=
nema. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></t=
body></table><table class=3D"row row-7" align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" bor=
der=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbo=
dy style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
<td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" al=
ign=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"pre=
sentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-=
rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000; width: 60=
0px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"colum=
n column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspac=
e: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-bott=
om: 5px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right=
: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><tabl=
e class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0=
" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; =
mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif=
; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: =
all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Ho=
me media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and B=
lu-ray in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on April 26.[176] Th=
e US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide =
with Earth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any=
 supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in =
favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also =
preserves the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Cameron felt that was t=
he best format to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc contains DRM (BD+ 5=
) which some Blu-ray players might not support without a firmware update.[1=
79][180] Avatar set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales=
 at 1.5 million units sold, breaking the record previously held by The Dark=
 Knight (600,000 units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were=
 over four million units sold.[181] In its first four days of release, sale=
s of Avatar on Blu-ray reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada =
=E2=80=93 overtaking The Dark Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ra=
y release in the region.[182][183] The release later broke the Blu-ray sale=
s record in the UK the following week.[184] In its first three weeks of rel=
ease, the film sold a total of 19.7 million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined,=
 a new record for sales in that period.[185] As of July 18, 2012, DVD sales=
 (not including Blu-ray) totaled over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806=
,055 in revenue.[186] Avatar retained its record as the top-selling Blu-ray=
 in the US market until January 2015, when it was surpassed by Disney's Fro=
zen.[187] The Avatar three-disc Extended Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu=
-ray was released on November 16, 2010. Three different versions of the fil=
m are present on the discs: the original theatrical cut (162 minutes), the =
special edition cut (170 minutes), and a collector's extended cut (178 minu=
tes). The DVD set spreads the film across two discs, while the Blu-ray set =
presents it on a single disc.[188] The collector's extended cut contains 8 =
more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original=
 theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit down, and in a continuous =
screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening". He stated the "Ear=
th opening" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of scenes that were in t=
he film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the film'=
s theatrical release.[189] The release also includes an additional 45 minut=
es of deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initially stated that A=
vatar would be released in 3D around November 2010, but the studio issued a=
 correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on =
3D Blu-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version w=
ould be released some time in 2011.[185] It was later revealed that Fox had=
 given Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only w=
ith the purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity=
 period is stated to last until February 2012.[191] On October 2010, Camero=
n stated that the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the f=
ilm's home release and that it was "maybe one, two years out".[192] On Chri=
stmas Eve 2010, Avatar had its 3D television world premiere on Sky.[193][19=
4][195] On August 13, 2012, Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would=
 be released globally on Blu-ray 3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D version was finall=
y released on October 16, 2012.[197] Reception Critical response On review =
aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 319 reviews are positive, and the averag=
e rating is 7.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "It might be more impressiv=
e on a technical level than as a piece of storytelling, but Avatar reaffirm=
s James Cameron's singular gift for imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."[198=
] On Metacritic =E2=80=94 which assigns a weighted mean score =E2=80=94 the=
 film has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "univers=
al acclaim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average =
grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographic surveyed was reported t=
o give this rating. These polls also indicated that the main draw of the fi=
lm was its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the =
film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of four. "Watching Avatar, =
I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977," he said, adding t=
hat like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, t=
he film "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is not simply=
 a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical breakth=
rough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201] A. O. Scott of A=
t The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he vie=
wed Star Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvious,=
" it was "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCarthy of Variety pr=
aised the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating a=
nother world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting.=
"[204] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive re=
view. "The screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with mo=
re robust music than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," h=
e stated.[205] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three-and-a-=
half out of four star rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the =
possibilities of what movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as=
 his dreams."[206] Richard Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film w=
as "the most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in =
the history of moving pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Time=
s thought the film has "powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue=
" and "obvious characterization".[208] James Berardinelli of ReelViews prai=
sed the film and its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In =
3-D, it's immersive =E2=80=93 but the traditional film elements =E2=80=93 s=
tory, character, editing, theme, emotional resonance, etc. =E2=80=93 are pr=
esented with sufficient expertise to make even the 2-D version an engrossin=
g 2+1=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underlying social and polit=
ical themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New York Press wrote t=
hat Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent facets o=
f militarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Russell D. Moore of T=
he Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and stated=
 "If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud =
the defeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special ef=
fects."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the f=
ilm, calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the Am=
erican colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs. U=
nited Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film =
is "Cameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood's religion of cho=
ice for a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean call=
ed the film a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in genera=
l",[215] and Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commende=
d the film's message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hind=
uism in the Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar=
 is another film that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some =
white guy" becomes the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.[217] M=
ichael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the season's ideologi=
cal Rorschach blot",[218] while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald=
 thought that "It [was] impossible to watch Avatar without being banged ove=
r the head with the director's ideological hammer."[219] Nidesh Lawtoo beli=
eved that an essential, yet less visible social theme that contributed to A=
vatar's success concerns contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and=
 "the transition from the world of reality to that of virtual reality".[220=
] Critics and audiences have cited similarities with other films, literatur=
e or media, describing the perceived connections in ways ranging from simpl=
e "borrowing" to outright plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called it=
 "the same movie" as Dances with Wolves.[221] Like Dances with Wolves, Avat=
ar has been characterized as being a "white savior" movie, in which a "back=
wards" native people is impotent without the leadership of a member of the =
invading white culture.[222][223] Parallels to the concept and use of an av=
atar are in Poul Anderson's 1957 novelette "Call Me Joe", in which a paraly=
zed man uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial body on Jupiter.[=
224][225] Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that Avatar has elements in=
 common with the 1960s Noon Universe novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky,=
 which are set in the 22nd century on a forested world called Pandora with =
a sentient indigenous species called the Nave.[226] Various reviews have co=
mpared Avatar to the films FernGully: The Last Rainforest,[227][228] Pocaho=
ntas[229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's Morning Edition has compared the=
 film to a montage of tropes, with one commentator stating that Avatar was =
made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender".[231] Gary Westfahl w=
rote that "the science fiction story that most closely resembles Avatar has=
 to be Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for World Is Forest (1972), anothe=
r epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who happily inhabit dense fo=
rests while living in harmony with nature until they are attacked and slaug=
htered by invading human soldiers who believe that the only good gook is a =
dead gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor Gardner Dozois said =
that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the "mash-up" included Al=
an Dean Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sources saw similarities t=
o the artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic images of dragons and=
 floating rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued Cameron and Fox, cl=
aiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sought damages o=
f $50m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The Hollywood Reporter =
noted that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cases.[236] Avatar re=
ceived compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg praising it as "t=
he most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since Star Wars" and ot=
hers calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and "brillia=
nt". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian is also a noted fa=
n of the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said: "It's not in my t=
op three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you have =
any doubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For French filmmaker Luc Be=
sson, Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the gr=
aphic novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that technologically support=
s the scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original =
script in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.[239] TIME ranked =
Avatar number 3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium =
(Thus Far)"[240] also earning it a spot on the magazine's All-Time 100 list=
,[241] and IGN listed Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-F=
i movies of all time. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></tab=
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ft: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" w=
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entation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-r=
space: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family=
: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"=
center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; ma=
x-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; ma=
x-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;"> After the film's release and unus=
ually strong box office performance over its first two weeks, it was debate=
d as the one film capable of surpassing Titanic's worldwide gross, and its =
continued strength perplexed box office analysts.[294] Other films in recen=
t years had been cited as contenders for surpassing Titanic, such as 2008's=
 The Dark Knight,[295] but Avatar was considered the first film with a genu=
ine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices fo=
r 3D screenings[294] did not fully explain its success to box office analys=
ts. "Most films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less t=
han a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dipping just 11% f=
rom the first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedian, preside=
nt of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just unprecedented. I=
 had to do a double take. I thought it was a miscalculation."[296] Analysts=
 predicted second place for the film's worldwide gross, but most were uncer=
tain about it surpassing Titanic because "Today's films flame out much fast=
er than they did when Titanic was released."[296] Brandon Gray, president o=
f Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances of becoming the highest-g=
rossing film of all time, though he also believed it was too early to surmi=
se because it had only played during the holidays. He said, "While Avatar m=
ay beat Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is unlikely to sur=
pass Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late=
 1990s."[296] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to "try to top=
ple Titanic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord" and =
there had been other good films in recent years.[297] He changed his predic=
tion by mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time," he sa=
id.[298] You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fanta=
sy and fiction, the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People w=
ant a persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want th=
e detail that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhe=
re else. Like Pandora. James Cameron on the success of Avatar[299] Although=
 analysts have been unable to agree that Avatar's success is attributable t=
o one primary factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, Janua=
ry is historically "the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and t=
his also applied to 2010.[300] Cameron himself said he decided to open the =
film in December so that it would have less competition from then to Januar=
y.[287] Titanic capitalized on the same January predictability, and earned =
most of its gross in 1998.[300] Additionally, Avatar established itself as =
a "must-see" event. Gray said, "At this point, people who are going to see =
Avatar are going to see Avatar and would even if the slate was strong."[300=
] Marketing the film as a "novelty factor" also helped. Fox positioned the =
film as a cinematic event that should be seen in the theaters. "It's really=
 hard to sell the idea that you can have the same experience at home," stat=
ed David Mumpower, an analyst at BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buz=
z" surrounding the film and international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of T=
itanic's haul was earned overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar=
 opened in 106 markets globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the mark=
ets "such as Russia, where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, ar=
e white-hot today" with "more screens and moviegoers" than before.[300] Acc=
ording to Variety, films in 3D accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefo=
ld increase over 2008 and more than 10% of the total 2009 box-office gross"=
. The increased ticket price =E2=80=93 an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in=
 most markets =E2=80=93 helped the film.[300] Likewise, Entertainment Weekl=
y attributed the film's success to 3D glasses but also to its "astronomic w=
ord-of-mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX ticke=
ts, but "the buzz" created by the new technology was the possible cause for=
 sold-out screenings.[301] Gray said Avatar having no basis in previously e=
stablished material makes its performance remarkable and even more impressi=
ve. "The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story and themes,"=
 he said, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-grossing film=
s: Titanic (historical events), the Star Wars movies (an established film f=
ranchise), or The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell ...=
"[300] The Hollywood Reporter estimated that after a combined production an=
d promotion cost of between $387=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net=
 profit of $1.2 billion. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></=
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