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From: James Dutton | SPM <newsletter@e.smartpeoplemail.com>
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Musk and his team in Texas have created something so powerful...


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Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and=20
Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-action=
=20
shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environmen=
ts.=20
"Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they're looki=
ng=20
at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four=
=20
months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live action was shot wi=
th a=20
modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fusion Camera System, devel=
oped=20
by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007, Fox had announced that 3-D=
=20
filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron's=
=20
strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher frame rate to make strobing =
less=20
noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60%=20
computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional=20
miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes=20
Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Live action photograp=
hy=20
began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington and was schedul=
ed=20
to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people worked on the production.[=
70]=20
In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the actors underwent=20
professional training specific to their characters such as archery, horseba=
ck=20
riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They received language and=20
dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film.[72] Before=20
shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical=20
rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on t=
he=20
soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his virtual camera syst=
em,=20
a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system shows the acto=
rs'=20
virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time, allowing t=
he=20
director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action. Accor=
ding=20
to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful game engine. If I want to fly throug=
h=20
space, or change my perspective, I can. I can turn the whole scene into a=
=20
living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale."[74] Using conventio=
nal=20
techniques, the complete virtual world cannot be seen until the motion-capt=
ure=20
of the actors is complete. Cameron said this process does not diminish the=
=20
value or importance of acting. On the contrary, because there is no need fo=
r=20
repeated camera and lighting setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups=
,=20
scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the=
=20
system as a "form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a=20
mountain or the sky or change the time of day, you have complete control ov=
er=20
the elements".[76] Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter=
=20
Jackson a chance to test the new technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to=
=20
think of it as digital makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture=
=20
brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors on=
ly=20
know when they're working in live theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas =
were=20
also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] =
To=20
film the shots where CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referr=
ed=20
to as a "simulcam" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virt=
ual=20
camera systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, t=
he=20
CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are=
=20
superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown =
on a=20
small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors h=
ow=20
to relate to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's person=
al=20
convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food =
to=20
be served on set.=20


A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during productio=
n.=20
According to Cameron, work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to=
=20
allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequa=
tely=20
portray his vision of the film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of=
=20
photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new motion capt=
ure=20
animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up t=
o=20
December 2006.[74] Innovations include a new system for lighting massive ar=
eas=20
like Pandora's jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times lar=
ger=20
than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial=20
expressions, enabling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturi=
ng,=20
actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera position=
ed=20
in front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial=
=20
expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to=20
Cameron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors'=
=20
physical performances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the=20
performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers,=
=20
numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each=
=20
performance.[83] A technically challenging scene was near the end of the fi=
lm=20
when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form=
,=20
and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light=
=20
between them.[84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in=20
Wellington, at one point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Beca=
use=20
of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and availab=
le=20
for everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud=20
computing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created =
by=20
Microsoft especially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of a=
nd=20
coordinate all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta=
=20
used a 930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packar=
d=20
servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three=20
petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster=
=20
manager, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan an=
d=20
Pixar's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm=20
occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most=20
powerful supercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called=
=20
Mari, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creati=
ng=20
the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petab=
yte=20
of digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avatar=20
occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer=
=20
several hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish=20
preparing the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companie=
s=20
were brought on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked=20
alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible =
for=20
the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised =
a=20
new way to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effec=
ts=20
general supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Music fr=
om=20
the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar World" 0:=
32 listen to=20
a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problems playing this file? =
See=20
media help. Composer James Horner scored the film, his third collaboration =
with=20
Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner recorded parts of the score wi=
th a=20
small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in March 2008.[99] He also=
=20
worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist, to create a music culture f=
or=20
the alien race.[100] The first scoring sessions were planned to take place =
in=20
early 2009.[101] During production, Horner promised Cameron that he would n=
ot=20
work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the sc=
ore=20
from four in the morning until ten at night throughout the process. He stat=
ed=20
in an interview, "Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on =
and=20
the biggest job I have undertaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two=
=20
different scores merged into one. He first created a score that reflected t=
he=20
Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score=
 to=20
drive the film.[72] British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme=
=20
song for the film, called "I See You". An accompanying music video, directe=
d by=20
Jake Nava, premiered December 15, 2009, on MySpace.

At times, our affiliate partners reach out to the Editors at Smart People M=
ail=20
with special opportunities for our readers. The message below is one we thi=
nk=20
you should take a close, serious look at.


=E2=80=8A


Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the=
=20
context of imperialism, and deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration=
 was=20
"every single science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to=
=20
update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He=20
acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields=
 of=20
the Lord, The Emerald Forest, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes=
=20
between cultures and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a=20
battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighti=
ng=20
against.[105][106] He also cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Princ=
ess=20
Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, Cameron=
=20
filed a 45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in great detai=
l=20
the genesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be=20
Avatar."[107] In addition to historical events (such as European colonizati=
on=20
of the Americas), his life experiences and several of his unproduced projec=
ts,=20
Cameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited hi=
s=20
script and concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced as a short film,=
 as=20
being the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar. He stat=
ed=20
that Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature, the id=
ea=20
of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonization of alien=
=20
planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force, the story =
of a=20
seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically superior force, an=
d=20
the good scientist were all established and recurrent themes" from his earl=
ier=20
films including Aliens, The Abyss, Rambo: First Blood Part II, The Terminat=
or=20
and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He specifically mentioned the "water tentac=
le"=20
in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" that "takes on the appearance of.=
..an=20
alien life form...in order to bridge the cultural gap and build trust."[108=
]=20
Cameron also cited a number of works by other creators as "reference points=
 and=20
sources of inspiration" for Avatar. These include two of his "favorite" fil=
ms,=20
2001: A Space Odyssey, where mankind experiences an evolution after meeting=
=20
alien life, and Lawrence of Arabia, where "an outsider...encounters and=20
immerses into a foreign culture and then ultimately joins that group to fig=
ht=20
other outsiders." Cameron said he became familiar with the concept of a hum=
an=20
operating a "synthetic avatar" inside another world from George Henry Smith=
's=20
short story "In the Imagicon" and Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the=
=20
Stars. He said he learned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk nov=
els=20
Neuromancer by William Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The=
=20
idea of a "world mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem.=20
Cameron mentioned several other films about people interacting with "indige=
nous=20
cultures" as inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Would=
 Be=20
King, The Mission, The Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book and=20
FernGully. He also cited as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stories =
by=20
Edgar Rice Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H.=
=20
Rider Haggard.[108] In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was ask=
ed=20
about the meaning of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarna=
tion=20
of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means =
is=20
that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's=
=20
intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body."[10] Cameron =
also=20
cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell, in terms o=
f=20
how humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities into, ali=
en=20
bodies.[109][110] For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri,=
=20
Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in the traditi=
on=20
of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of =
Jack=20
and Rose from his film Titanic. An interviewer stated, "Both couples come f=
rom=20
radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship an=
d=20
are forced to choose sides between the competing communities."[113] Cameron=
=20
described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas," saying that his plotline followed th=
e=20
historical story of a "white outsider [who] falls in love with the chief's=
=20
daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe and to their special bond with=
=20
nature."[108] Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love st=
ory=20
would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical=20
attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which was developed by=20
considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.[114] Although Camer=
on=20
felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portrayers=20
(Worthington and Saldana) felt the characters did. Cameron said the two act=
ors=20
"had a great chemistry" during filming.[113] A gray mountain in the middle =
of a=20
forest. Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains" were inspired in part by =
the=20
Chinese Huangshan mountains (pictured).[115] Zhangjiajie National Forest Pa=
rk=20
For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspirat=
ion=20
from "many different types of mountains, but mainly the karst limestone=20
formations in China."[116] According to production designer Dylan Cole, the=
=20
fictional floating rocks were inspired by Huangshan (also known as Yellow=
=20
Mountain), Guilin, Zhangjiajie, among others around the world.[116] Cameron=
 had=20
noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating=20
mountains.[117] To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pando=
ra,=20
production designers visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux[118] oil platform in=
 the=20
Gulf of Mexico during June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed eve=
ry=20
aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with=20
photorealistic CGI during post-production.


The first photo of the film was released on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empir=
e=20
released exclusive images from the film in its October issue.[125] Cameron,=
=20
producer Jon Landau, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appear=
ed=20
at a panel, moderated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on Ju=
ly=20
23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weav=
er=20
and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on =
the=20
23rd[128] and 24th[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced at the=
=20
Comic-Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, th=
e=20
trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer a=
nd=20
toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 129-second=20
trailer was released online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-second tra=
iler=20
was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered on=
line=20
on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133][134] An extended=
=20
version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[132] The Holly=
wood=20
Reporter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [same]=20
establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and suggested the showing=
=20
reflected the desire for original storytelling.[135] The teaser has been am=
ong=20
the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the fir=
st=20
place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.[136] On Oct=
ober=20
30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowe=
d=20
Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of=20
press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film premiered live =
on=20
November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium =
in=20
Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's largest=
=20
video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox. It is said to =
be=20
the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history.[138] The Coca-C=
ola=20
Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to=
=20
promote the film. The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com.=
=20
Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero, when held in front of =
a=20
webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D features using=20
augmented reality (AR) technology.[139] The film was heavily promoted in an=
=20
episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The Gamer In The Grease"=20
(Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurring role on=
 the=20
program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the=
=20
film.[140] A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana promoted the f=
ilm=20
on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost.[141]=20
McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe ca=
lled=20
"Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to the website set up b=
y=20
Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi.[142] Bo=
oks=20
Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pando=
ra,=20
a 224-page book in the form of a field guide to the film's fictional settin=
g of=20
the planet of Pandora, was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24,=
=20
2009.[143] It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans=
=20
about Pandora and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathiso=
n.=20
HarperFestival also released Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The=
=20
Reusable Scrapbook for children.[144] The Art of Avatar was released on=20
November 30, 2009, by Abrams Books. The book features detailed production=
=20
artwork from the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa=
=20
Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Camer=
on=20
wrote the epilogue, and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In=
=20
October 2010, Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar, a 272-page b=
ook=20
that detailed the film's production process and contains over 500 color=20
photographs and illustrations.[146] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that =
he=20
planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released.[147=
] In=20
February 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel nove=
l=20
for Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it wou=
ld=20
go into much more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time to d=
eal=20
with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story th=
at=20
fills in a lot of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced that Camero=
n=20
hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar=20
universe.[149] ance Post released a special limited edition stamp based on=
=20
Avatar, coinciding with the film's worldwide release.


Dear Reader,


 <https://www.bropom.com/wesmut/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/WSMT3b> Elon=
=20
Musk laid the foundation for PayPal and changed the banking industry foreve=
r.

He made Tesla the standard-bearer for the electric car market.=20
<https://www.bropom.com/wesmut/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/WSMT3b>

And he upended social media when he bought Twitter and turned it into X.

Now he=E2=80=99s about to do it again.=20
<https://www.bropom.com/wesmut/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/WSMT3b>

Musk and his team in Texas have created something so powerful that the U.S.=
=20
government has come begging for their help.Following his accidental exposur=
e to=20
gamma rays while saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an=
=20
experimental bomb, Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when=20
subjected to emotional stress, at or against his will. This transformation=
=20
often leads to destructive rampages and to conflicts that complicate Banner=
's=20
civilian life. The Hulk's level of strength is normally conveyed as=20
proportionate to his level of anger. Commonly portrayed as a raging savage,=
 the=20
Hulk has been represented with other alter egos, from a mindless, destructi=
ve=20
force (War), to a brilliant warrior (World-Breaker), a self-hating protecto=
r=20
(the Devil/Immortal), a genius scientist in his own right (Doc Green), and =
a=20
gangster (Joe Fixit). Despite both Hulk and Banner's desire for solitude, t=
he=20
character has a large supporting cast. This includes Banner's love interest=
=20
Betty Ross, his best friend Rick Jones, his cousin She-Hulk, and therapist =
and=20
ally Doc Samson. In addition, the Hulk alter ego has many key supporting=20
characters, like his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers, his qu=
een=20
Caiera, fellow warriors Korg and Miek, and sons Skaar and Hiro-Kala. Howeve=
r,=20
his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his fellow hero=
es=20
and others. Despite this, he tries his best to do what's right while battli=
ng=20
villains such as the Leader, the Abomination, the Absorbing Man, and more. =
Lee=20
stated that the Hulk's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenste=
in=20
and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.[4] Although the Hulk's coloration has varied=
=20
throughout the character's publication history, the most usual color is gre=
en.=20
One of the most iconic characters in popular culture,[5][6] the character h=
as=20
appeared on a variety of merchandise, such as clothing and collectable item=
s,=20
inspired real-world structures (such as theme park attractions), and been=
=20
referenced in a number of media. Banner and the Hulk have been adapted in=
=20
live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. The character was first=
=20
played in live-action by Bill Bixby and Lou Ferrigno in the 1978 television=
=20
series The Incredible Hulk and its subsequent television films The Incredib=
le=20
Hulk Returns (1988), The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989), and The Death=
 of=20
the Incredible Hulk (1990). In film, the character was played by Eric Bana =
in=20
2003's Hulk (2003). In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), the character w=
as=20
first portrayed by Edward Norton in the film The Incredible Hulk (2008) and=
=20
then by Mark Ruffalo in later appearances in the franchise. Publication his=
tory=20
Further information: List of Hulk titles Concept and creation The Hulk firs=
t=20
appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (cover dated May 1962), written by=20
writer-editor Stan Lee, penciled and co-plotted by Jack Kirby,[7][8] and in=
ked=20
by Paul Reinman. Lee cites influence from Frankenstein[9] and Dr. Jekyll an=
d=20
Mr. Hyde in the Hulk's creation: It was patently apparent that [the monstro=
us=20
character the] Thing was the most popular character in [Marvel's recently=
=20
created superhero team the] Fantastic Four. ... For a long time, I'd been a=
ware=20
of the fact that people were more likely to favor someone who was less than=
=20
perfect. ... It's a safe bet that you remember Quasimodo, but how easily ca=
n=20
you name any of the heroic, handsomer, more glamorous characters in The=20
Hunchback of Notre Dame? And then there's Frankenstein ... I've always had =
a=20
soft spot in my heart for the Frankenstein monster. No one could ever convi=
nce=20
me that he was the bad guy. ... He never wanted to hurt anyone; he merely=
=20
groped his torturous way through a second life trying to defend himself, tr=
ying=20
to come to terms with those who sought to destroy him. ... I decided I migh=
t as=20
well borrow from Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as well=E2=80=94our protagonist wo=
uld=20
constantly change from his normal identity to his superhuman alter ego and =
back=20
again.[10] Hulk comic logo Kirby also stated the Frankenstein inspiration=
=20
stating, "I did a story called =E2=80=9CThe Hulk=E2=80=9D=E2=80=93 a small =
feature, and it was quite=20
different from the Hulk that we know. But I felt that the Hulk had=20
possibilities, and I took this little character from the small feature and =
I=20
transformed it into the Hulk that we know today. Of course, I was experimen=
ting=20
with it. I thought the Hulk might be a good-looking Frankenstein. I felt=20
there=E2=80=99s a Frankenstein in all of us; I=E2=80=99ve seen it demonstra=
ted. And I felt that=20
the Hulk had the element of truth in it, and anything to me with the elemen=
t of=20
truth is valid and the reader relates to that. And if you dramatize it, the=
=20
reader will enjoy it."[11] Kirby also commented upon his influences in draw=
ing=20
the character, and recalled the inspiration of witnessing the hysterical=20
strength of a mother lifting a car off her trapped child.[12][13][14] Lee h=
as=20
also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology.[9] In The Science of=
=20
Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War[=
15]=20
and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in =
Up,=20
Up and Oy Vey.[9] This interpretation corresponds with other popularized=20
fictional media created during this time period, which took advantage of th=
e=20
prevailing sense among Americans that nuclear power could produce monsters =
and=20
mutants.[16] In the debut, Lee chose grey for the Hulk because he wanted a=
=20
color that did not suggest any particular ethnic group.[17] Colorist Stan=
=20
Goldberg, however, had problems with the grey coloring, resulting in differ=
ent=20
shades of grey, and even green, in the issue. After seeing the first publis=
hed=20
issue, Lee chose to change the skin color to green.[18] Green was used in=
=20
retellings of the origin, with even reprints of the original story being=20
recolored for the next two decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302=
=20
(December 1984) reintroduced the grey Hulk in flashbacks set close to the=
=20
origin story. An exception is the early trade paperback, Origins of Marvel=
=20
Comics, from 1974, which explains the difficulties in keeping the grey colo=
r=20
consistent in a Stan Lee-written prologue, and reprints the origin story=20
keeping the grey coloration. Since December 1984, reprints of the first iss=
ue=20
have displayed the original grey coloring, with the fictional canon specify=
ing=20
that the Hulk's skin had initially been grey. Lee gave the Hulk's alter ego=
 the=20
alliterative name "Bruce Banner" because he found he had less difficulty=20
remembering alliterative names. Despite this, in later stories he misrememb=
ered=20
the character's name and referred to him as "Bob Banner", an error which=20
readers quickly picked up on.[19] The discrepancy was resolved by giving th=
e=20
character the official full name "Robert Bruce Banner."[1] The Hulk got his=
=20
name from a comic book character named The Heap who was a large green swamp=
=20
monster.[20] Series history The Hulk's original series was canceled with is=
sue=20
#6 (March 1963). Lee had written each story, with Kirby penciling the first=
=20
five issues and Steve Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. The character=
=20
immediately guest-starred in The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and month=
s=20
later became a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers, appearin=
g in=20
the first two issues of the team's eponymous series (Sept. and Nov. 1963), =
and=20
returning as an antagonist in issue #3 and as an ally in #5 (Jan.=E2=80=93M=
ay 1964). He=20
then guest-starred in Fantastic Four #25=E2=80=9326 (April=E2=80=93May 1964=
), which revealed=20
Banner's full name as Robert Bruce Banner, and The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (=
July=20
1964).=20

To find out Elon=E2=80=99s next move, click here.=20
<https://www.bropom.com/wesmut/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/WSMT3b>

Sincerely,


Sean Brodrick
Editor
Weiss Ratings


Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was=
=20
released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18.[156] The film was=
=20
originally set for release on May 22, 2009, during filming[157] but was pus=
hed=20
back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were delivered in=
=20
November)[80] and give more time for theaters worldwide to install 3D=20
projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's aspect ratio would be 1.78:=
1=20
for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for 2D=20
screenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use wit=
h=20
constant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that increase in width to disp=
lay=20
2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 16, =
the=20
movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctioned, and some copies delivered=20
weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theaters. The problems were fixed in =
time for the=20
public premiere.[162] Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theaters in t=
he=20
US, of which 2,032 theaters showed it in 3D. In total, 90% of all advance=
=20
ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings.[163] Internationally, Avata=
r=20
opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories, of which 3,671 were=
=20
showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the first weekend gross).[164][165=
]=20
The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D format, opening in 178=20
theaters in the United States on December 18. The international IMAX releas=
e=20
included 58 theaters beginning on December 16, and 25 more theaters were to=
 be=20
added in the coming weeks.[166] The IMAX release was the company's widest t=
o=20
date, a total of 261 theaters worldwide. The previous IMAX record opening w=
as=20
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which opened in 161 IMAX theaters i=
n=20
the US, and about 70 international.[167] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and=
=20
later released Avatar in 4D version, which included "moving seats, smells o=
f=20
explosives, sprinkling water, laser lights and wind".[20] Post-original rel=
ease=20
In July 2010, Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical=
=20
rerelease of the film on August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IM=
AX=20
3D.[168] Avatar: Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of=20
footage, all of which is CG,[169] including an extension of the sex scene[1=
70]=20
and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film.[1=
69]=20
This extended re-release resulted in the film's run time approaching the=20
then-current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time=
 for=20
the end credits. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost =
more=20
than $1 million a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 12-week=20
re-release, Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in=
=20
North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2=20
million.[5] The film was later re-released in China in March 2021, allowing=
 it=20
to surpass Avengers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film of all=20
time.[24] Avatar was re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, by Walt=
=20
Disney Studios Motion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, with the =
film=20
being remastered in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes at a high fra=
me=20
rate of 48-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to the December 20=
22=20
premiere of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] Prior to this, Camer=
on=20
previously teased a re-release of the film back in 2017 when promoting the=
=20
Dolby Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that there were plans in the wo=
rks=20
to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-release it in Dolby Cinema.


Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and=
=20
Blu-ray in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on April 26.[176] T=
he=20
US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide wi=
th=20
Earth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any=20
supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in f=
avor=20
of and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also preser=
ves=20
the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Cameron felt that was the best fo=
rmat=20
to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc contains DRM (BD+ 5) which some=20
Blu-ray players might not support without a firmware update.[179][180] Avat=
ar=20
set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales at 1.5 million=
=20
units sold, breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight (600,000=
=20
units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were over four millio=
n=20
units sold.[181] In its first four days of release, sales of Avatar on Blu-=
ray=20
reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada =E2=80=93 overtaking Th=
e Dark=20
Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ray release in the region.[182][=
183]=20
The release later broke the Blu-ray sales record in the UK the following=20
week.[184] In its first three weeks of release, the film sold a total of 19=
.7=20
million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined, a new record for sales in that=20
period.[185] As of July 18, 2012, DVD sales (not including Blu-ray) totaled=
=20
over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 in revenue.[186] Avatar reta=
ined=20
its record as the top-selling Blu-ray in the US market until January 2015, =
when=20
it was surpassed by Disney's Frozen.[187] The Avatar three-disc Extended=20
Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu-ray was released on November 16, 2010. T=
hree=20
different versions of the film are present on the discs: the original=20
theatrical cut (162 minutes), the special edition cut (170 minutes), and a=
=20
collector's extended cut (178 minutes). The DVD set spreads the film across=
 two=20
discs, while the Blu-ray set presents it on a single disc.[188] The collect=
or's=20
extended cut contains 8 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes=
=20
longer than the original theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit do=
wn,=20
and in a continuous screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening"=
. He=20
stated the "Earth opening" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of scenes=
 that were=20
in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the=
=20
film's theatrical release.[189] The release also includes an additional 45=
=20
minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initially stated t=
hat=20
Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010, but the studio issued =
a=20
correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3=
D=20
Blu-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version woul=
d be=20
released some time in 2011.[185] It was later revealed that Fox had given=
=20
Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only with the=
=20
purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity period =
is=20
stated to last until February 2012.[191] On October 2010, Cameron stated th=
at=20
the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the film's home rel=
ease=20
and that it was "maybe one, two years out".[192] On Christmas Eve 2010, Ava=
tar=20
had its 3D television world premiere on Sky.[193][194][195] On August 13, 2=
012,=20
Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be released globally on Blu=
-ray=20
3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D version was finally released on October 16, 2012.[1=
97]=20
Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 31=
9=20
reviews are positive, and the average rating is 7.4/10. The site's consensu=
s=20
reads, "It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of=
=20
storytelling, but Avatar reaffirms James Cameron's singular gift for=20
imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."[198] On Metacritic =E2=80=94 which assi=
gns a=20
weighted mean score =E2=80=94 the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based o=
n 35=20
critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaSco=
re=20
gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographi=
c=20
surveyed was reported to give this rating. These polls also indicated that =
the=20
main draw of the film was its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago=20
Sun-Times called the film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of fou=
r.=20
"Watching Avatar, I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977,"=
 he=20
said, adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship =
of=20
the Ring, the film "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is=
 not=20
simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical=
=20
breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201] A. O. Sco=
tt=20
of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he=
=20
viewed Star Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvio=
us,"=20
it was "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCarthy of Variety prai=
sed=20
the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating another=
=20
world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting."[204] =
Kirk=20
Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review. "The=
=20
screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust m=
usic=20
than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," he stated.[205] P=
eter=20
Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three-and-a-half out of four star=
=20
rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the possibilities of what=
=20
movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as his dreams."[206] Ric=
hard=20
Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was "the most vivid and=20
convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving=
=20
pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film has=
=20
"powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue" and "obvious=20
characterization".[208] James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film an=
d=20
its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In 3-D, it's immersi=
ve =E2=80=93=20
but the traditional film elements =E2=80=93 story, character, editing, them=
e, emotional=20
resonance, etc. =E2=80=93 are presented with sufficient expertise to make e=
ven the 2-D=20
version an engrossing 2+1=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underly=
ing social=20
and political themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New York Pres=
s=20
wrote that Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent=
=20
facets of militarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Russell D. Mo=
ore=20
of The Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and st=
ated=20
"If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud t=
he=20
defeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special=20
effects."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the=
=20
film, calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the=
=20
American colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs.=
=20
United Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film=
 is=20
"Cameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood's religion of choice=
 for=20
a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called the f=
ilm=20
a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general",[215] and=
=20
Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commended the film's=
=20
message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the=
=20
Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is another =
film=20
that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some white guy" become=
s=20
the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.[217] Michael Phillips of =
the=20
Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the season's ideological Rorschach blot",[21=
8]=20
while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thought that "It [was]=20
impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the=20
director's ideological hammer."[219] Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essenti=
al,=20
yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar's success concerns=
=20
contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and "the transition from the=
=20
world of reality to that of virtual reality".[220] Critics and audiences ha=
ve=20
cited similarities with other films, literature or media, describing the=20
perceived connections in ways ranging from simple "borrowing" to outright=
=20
plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called it "the same movie" as Dance=
s=20
with Wolves.[221] Like Dances with Wolves, Avatar has been characterized as=
=20
being a "white savior" movie, in which a "backwards" native people is impot=
ent=20
without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture.[222][223]=
=20
Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson's 1957=
=20
novelette "Call Me Joe", in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit =
to=20
control an artificial body on Jupiter.[224][225] Cinema audiences in Russia=
=20
have noted that Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe=
=20
novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, which are set in the 22nd century on=
 a=20
forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the=
=20
Nave.[226] Various reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully: The=
=20
Last Rainforest,[227][228] Pocahontas[229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's=
=20
Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of tropes, with one=20
commentator stating that Avatar was made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts=
 in=20
a blender".[231] Gary Westfahl wrote that "the science fiction story that m=
ost=20
closely resembles Avatar has to be Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for Wo=
rld=20
Is Forest (1972), another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who=
=20
happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until the=
y=20
are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that th=
e=20
only good gook is a dead gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor=
=20
Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the=
=20
"mash-up" included Alan Dean Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sourc=
es=20
saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic ima=
ges=20
of dragons and floating rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued Camer=
on=20
and Fox, claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sough=
t=20
damages of $50m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The Hollywood=
=20
Reporter noted that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cases.[236]=
=20
Avatar received compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg praising=
 it=20
as "the most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since Star Wars" a=
nd=20
others calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and=20
"brilliant". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian is also a=
=20
noted fan of the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said: "It's not=
 in=20
my top three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you h=
ave=20
any doubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For French filmmaker Luc=20
Besson, Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the=
=20
graphic novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that technologically suppo=
rts the=20
scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original script=
 in=20
the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.[239] TIME ranked Avatar num=
ber=20
3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus Far)"[24=
0]=20
also earning it a spot on the magazine's All-Time 100 list,[241] and IGN li=
sted=20
Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-Fi movies of all time.=
=20


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 <https://smartpeoplemail.com/>=20


 After the film's release and unusually strong box office performance over =
its=20
first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titan=
ic's=20
worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts.[=
294]=20
Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing=20
Titanic, such as 2008's The Dark Knight,[295] but Avatar was considered the=
=20
first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by=
=20
higher ticket prices for 3D screenings[294] did not fully explain its succe=
ss=20
to box office analysts. "Most films are considered to be healthy if they ma=
nage=20
anything less than a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dip=
ping=20
just 11% from the first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedia=
n,=20
president of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just=20
unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thought it was a=20
miscalculation."[296] Analysts predicted second place for the film's worldw=
ide=20
gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because "Today's=
=20
films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released."[296]=
=20
Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances =
of=20
becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though he also believed it =
was=20
too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays. He sai=
d,=20
"While Avatar may beat Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is=
=20
unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 chea=
per=20
in the late 1990s."[296] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to =
"try=20
to topple Titanic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord=
"=20
and there had been other good films in recent years.[297] He changed his=20
prediction by mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time,"=
 he=20
said.[298] You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fan=
tasy=20
and fiction, the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People want=
 a=20
persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the deta=
il=20
that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhere else. =
Like=20
Pandora. James Cameron on the success of Avatar[299] Although analysts have=
=20
been unable to agree that Avatar's success is attributable to one primary=
=20
factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, January is historic=
ally=20
"the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and this also applied to=
=20
2010.[300] Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so =
that=20
it would have less competition from then to January.[287] Titanic capitaliz=
ed=20
on the same January predictability, and earned most of its gross in 1998.[3=
00]=20
Additionally, Avatar established itself as a "must-see" event. Gray said, "=
At=20
this point, people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar and=
=20
would even if the slate was strong."[300] Marketing the film as a "novelty=
=20
factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that shou=
ld=20
be seen in the theaters. "It's really hard to sell the idea that you can ha=
ve=20
the same experience at home," stated David Mumpower, an analyst at=20
BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buzz" surrounding the film and=20
international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned=20
overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar opened in 106 markets=20
globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "such as Russia, wh=
ere=20
Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "mo=
re=20
screens and moviegoers" than before.[300] According to Variety, films in 3D=
=20
accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold increase over 2008 and more =
than=20
10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The increased ticket price =E2=80=
=93 an=20
average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets =E2=80=93 helped the film.[3=
00]=20
Likewise, Entertainment Weekly attributed the film's success to 3D glasses =
but=20
also to its "astronomic word-of-mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up=
 to=20
$18.50 for IMAX tickets, but "the buzz" created by the new technology was t=
he=20
possible cause for sold-out screenings.[301] Gray said Avatar having no bas=
is=20
in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and eve=
n=20
more impressive. "The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story=
 and=20
themes," he said, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-gross=
ing=20
films: Titanic (historical events), the Star Wars movies (an established fi=
lm=20
franchise), or The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell=20
..."[300] The Hollywood Reporter estimated that after a combined production=
 and=20
promotion cost of between $387=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net p=
rofit of=20
$1.2 billion.
------=_Part_34446_1194134619.1701191993428
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tion" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspac=
e: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-conten=
t stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" =
role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0;=
 mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000=
; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td cla=
ss=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-=
table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; p=
adding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; b=
order-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D=
"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellp=
adding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica=
,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;=
 mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; mar=
gin: 0;">Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angele=
s and Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-a=
ction shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live envi=
ronments. "Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which the=
y're looking at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already =
worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live action=
 was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fusion Cam=
era System, developed by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007, Fox h=
ad announced that 3-D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per sec=
ond despite Cameron's strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher frame =
rate to make strobing less noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the film i=
s composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well =
as traditional miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at=
 the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Live acti=
on photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington =
and was scheduled to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people worked o=
n the production.[70] In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the a=
ctors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as =
archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They recei=
ved language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the fil=
m.[72] Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian=
 tropical rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before sho=
oting on the soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his virtua=
l camera system, a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The syst=
em shows the actors' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in =
real time, allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if sho=
oting live action. According to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful game en=
gine. If I want to fly through space, or change my perspective, I can. I ca=
n turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50 to=
 1 scale."[74] Using conventional techniques, the complete virtual world ca=
nnot be seen until the motion-capture of the actors is complete. Cameron sa=
id this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting. On the=
 contrary, because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups=
, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups, scenes do not need to be interrup=
ted repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the system as a "form of pure creatio=
n where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the t=
ime of day, you have complete control over the elements".[76] Cameron gave =
fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson a chance to test the ne=
w technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to think of it as digital makeup,=
 not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a k=
ind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they're working in=
 live theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to visit the =
set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] To film the shots where=
 CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referred to as a "simulcam=
" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virtual camera system=
s. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, the CGI images=
 captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are superimpose=
d over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a small =
monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors how to =
relate to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's personal =
convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food =
to be served on set. </div></div></td></tr> </table></td></tr></tbody></tab=
le></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-4" align=3D"center" wi=
dth=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"prese=
ntation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rs=
pace: 0; background-size: auto;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><=
tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
<table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpaddin=
g=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; bac=
kground-size: auto; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"60=
0" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-=
weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2px; verti=
cal-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-le=
ft: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" w=
idth=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"pres=
entation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-r=
space: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family=
: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"=
center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; ma=
x-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; ma=
x-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">A number of innovative visual effe=
cts techniques were used during production. According to Cameron, work on t=
he film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach t=
he necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the =
film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer-g=
enerated characters, created using new motion capture animation technologie=
s he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006.[74] =
Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora's =
jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times larger than any pr=
eviously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enab=
ling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturing, actors wore i=
ndividually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front o=
f the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial expressio=
ns and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to Cameron, the=
 method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors' physical perf=
ormances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the performance capture=
 data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous reference =
cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance.[83] A=
 technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the comput=
er-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and attention=
 was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them.[=
84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington, at one =
point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Because of the huge amo=
unt of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and available for everybod=
y involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud computing and =
Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created by Microsoft e=
specially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordina=
te all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta used a =
930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packard serve=
rs with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabyte=
s of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster manager=
, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan and Pixar=
's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm occupies=
 the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most powerful s=
upercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called Mari, was =
developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creating the Na'=
vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petabyte of =
digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avatar occupi=
es 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer several=
 hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish preparing t=
he special effects sequences on time, a number of other companies were brou=
ght on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked alongside We=
ta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible for the visu=
al effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised a new wa=
y to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effects gen=
eral supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Music from =
the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar World" 0:=
32 listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problems playin=
g this file? See media help. Composer James Horner scored the film, his thi=
rd collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner recorded=
 parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi=
 in March 2008.[99] He also worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist,=
 to create a music culture for the alien race.[100] The first scoring sessi=
ons were planned to take place in early 2009.[101] During production, Horne=
r promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for A=
vatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning until ten=
 at night throughout the process. He stated in an interview, "Avatar has be=
en the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have unde=
rtaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into=
 one. He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and th=
en combined it with a separate "traditional" score to drive the film.[72] B=
ritish singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the film, c=
alled "I See You". An accompanying music video, directed by Jake Nava, prem=
iered December 15, 2009, on MySpace. </div></div></td></tr></table><table c=
lass=3D"text_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" c=
ellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso=
-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; word-break: break-word;"><tr style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-to=
p: 2px;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,=
sans-serif;"><div class style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; f=
ont-family: Roboto,Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif; mso-line-height-alt: 14=
.399999999999999px; color: #7da496; line-height: 1.2;"><p style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0; text-align: center; mso-li=
ne-height-alt: 14.399999999999999px;">At times, our affiliate partners reac=
h out to the Editors at&nbsp;<strong style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Smar=
t People Mail</strong>&nbsp;with special opportunities for our readers. The=
 message below is one we think you should take a close, serious look at.</p=
></div></div></td></tr></table><table class=3D"divider_block block-3" width=
=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presenta=
tion" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspac=
e: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right:=
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=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><td class=3D"divider_inner" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-s=
ize: 1px; line-height: 1px; border-top: 1px solid #000;"><span style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box;">&#8202;</span></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></tab=
le></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row =
row-5" align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-tab=
le-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpad=
ding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: bor=
der-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; =
border-radius: 0; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600"=
 bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-wei=
ght: 400; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-righ=
t: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><tab=
le class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"=
0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;=
 mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box;"> <td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-ser=
if; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide=
: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">=
Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the c=
ontext of imperialism, and deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration =
was "every single science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted =
to update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He ack=
nowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields of=
 the Lord, The Emerald Forest, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes=
 between cultures and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a b=
attered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fightin=
g against.[105][106] He also cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Pri=
ncess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, C=
ameron filed a 45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in grea=
t detail the genesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came=
 to be Avatar."[107] In addition to historical events (such as European col=
onization of the Americas), his life experiences and several of his unprodu=
ced projects, Cameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous film=
s. He cited his script and concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced =
as a short film, as being the basis for many of the ideas and visual design=
s in Avatar. He stated that Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligenc=
e within nature, the idea of projecting force or consciousness using an ava=
tar, colonization of alien planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by=
 military force, the story of a seemingly weaker group prevailing over a te=
chnologically superior force, and the good scientist were all established a=
nd recurrent themes" from his earlier films including Aliens, The Abyss, Ra=
mbo: First Blood Part II, The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He=
 specifically mentioned the "water tentacle" in The Abyss as an example of =
an "avatar" that "takes on the appearance of...an alien life form...in orde=
r to bridge the cultural gap and build trust."[108] Cameron also cited a nu=
mber of works by other creators as "reference points and sources of inspira=
tion" for Avatar. These include two of his "favorite" films, 2001: A Space =
Odyssey, where mankind experiences an evolution after meeting alien life, a=
nd Lawrence of Arabia, where "an outsider...encounters and immerses into a =
foreign culture and then ultimately joins that group to fight other outside=
rs." Cameron said he became familiar with the concept of a human operating =
a "synthetic avatar" inside another world from George Henry Smith's short s=
tory "In the Imagicon" and Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the Stars.=
 He said he learned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk novels Ne=
uromancer by William Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The i=
dea of a "world mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem. Cam=
eron mentioned several other films about people interacting with "indigenou=
s cultures" as inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Wou=
ld Be King, The Mission, The Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book =
and FernGully. He also cited as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stor=
ies by Edgar Rice Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling =
and H. Rider Haggard.[108] In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron =
was asked about the meaning of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's =
an incarnation of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film w=
hat that means is that the human technology in the future is capable of inj=
ecting a human's intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological bo=
dy."[10] Cameron also cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in=
 the Shell, in terms of how humans can remotely control, and transfer their=
 personalities into, alien bodies.[109][110] For the love story between cha=
racters Jake and Neytiri, Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which =
he said was in the tradition of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its =
similarity to the pairing of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic. An interv=
iewer stated, "Both couples come from radically different cultures that are=
 contemptuous of their relationship and are forced to choose sides between =
the competing communities."[113] Cameron described Neytiri as his "Pocahont=
as," saying that his plotline followed the historical story of a "white out=
sider [who] falls in love with the chief's daughter, who becomes his guide =
to the tribe and to their special bond with nature."[108] Cameron felt that=
 whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as belie=
vable partially hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri's alien ap=
pearance, which was developed by considering her appeal to the all-male cre=
w of artists.[114] Although Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in lo=
ve right away, their portrayers (Worthington and Saldana) felt the characte=
rs did. Cameron said the two actors "had a great chemistry" during filming.=
[113] A gray mountain in the middle of a forest. Pandora's floating "Hallel=
ujah Mountains" were inspired in part by the Chinese Huangshan mountains (p=
ictured).[115] Zhangjiajie National Forest Park For the film's floating "Ha=
llelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspiration from "many different ty=
pes of mountains, but mainly the karst limestone formations in China."[116]=
 According to production designer Dylan Cole, the fictional floating rocks =
were inspired by Huangshan (also known as Yellow Mountain), Guilin, Zhangji=
ajie, among others around the world.[116] Cameron had noted the influence o=
f the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating mountains.[117] To create=
 the interiors of the human mining colony on Pandora, production designers =
visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux[118] oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico d=
uring June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the=
 platform, which was later replicated on-screen with photorealistic CGI dur=
ing post-production. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></tabl=
e></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-6" align=3D"center" wid=
th=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presen=
tation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rsp=
ace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: =
border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-cont=
ent stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0=
" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: =
0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #0=
00; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td c=
lass=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; ms=
o-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;=
 padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; bor=
der-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=
=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-tab=
le-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><=
td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-=
align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; disp=
lay: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; he=
ight: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">The first=
 photo of the film was released on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empire release=
d exclusive images from the film in its October issue.[125] Cameron, produc=
er Jon Landau, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appeared at =
a panel, moderated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on July =
23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weav=
er and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking =
on the 23rd[128] and 24th[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced a=
t the Comic-Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this d=
ay, the trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game t=
railer and toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 12=
9-second trailer was released online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-s=
econd trailer was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon afte=
r premiered online on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133]=
[134] An extended version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive revie=
ws.[132] The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were colore=
d by "the [same] establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and sugges=
ted the showing reflected the desire for original storytelling.[135] The te=
aser has been among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketi=
ng, reaching the first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 mil=
lion views.[136] On October 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D c=
inema in Vietnam, Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minute=
s of Avatar to a number of press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer =
of the film premiered live on November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys foo=
tball game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision sc=
reen, one of the world's largest video displays, and to TV audiences viewin=
g the game on Fox. It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer=
 viewing in history.[138] The Coca-Cola Company collaborated with Fox to la=
unch a worldwide marketing campaign to promote the film. The highlight of t=
he campaign was the website AVTR.com. Specially marked bottles and cans of =
Coca-Cola Zero, when held in front of a webcam, enabled users to interact w=
ith the website's 3-D features using augmented reality (AR) technology.[139=
] The film was heavily promoted in an episode of the Fox series Bones in th=
e episode "The Gamer In The Grease" (Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel=
 David Moore has a recurring role on the program, and is seen in the episod=
e anxiously awaiting the release of the film.[140] A week prior to the Amer=
ican release, Zoe Saldana promoted the film on Adult Swim when she was inte=
rviewed by an animated Space Ghost.[141] McDonald's had a promotion mention=
ed in television commercials in Europe called "Avatarize yourself", which e=
ncouraged people to go to the website set up by Oddcast, and use a photogra=
ph of themselves to change into a Na'vi.[142] Books Avatar: A Confidential =
Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora, a 224-page book in =
the form of a field guide to the film's fictional setting of the planet of =
Pandora, was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24, 2009.[143] It=
 is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandor=
a and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison. HarperFes=
tival also released Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The Reusable =
Scrapbook for children.[144] The Art of Avatar was released on November 30,=
 2009, by Abrams Books. The book features detailed production artwork from =
the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick,=
 and film stills. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Cameron wrote the=
 epilogue, and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In October 20=
10, Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar, a 272-page book that d=
etailed the film's production process and contains over 500 color photograp=
hs and illustrations.[146] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that he planne=
d to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released.[147] In F=
ebruary 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel=
 for Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it wo=
uld go into much more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time =
to deal with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic =
story that fills in a lot of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced =
that Cameron hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the=
 Avatar universe.[149] ance Post released a special limited edition stamp b=
ased on Avatar, coinciding with the film's worldwide release. </div></div><=
/td></tr></table><table class=3D"html_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=
=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Ne=
ue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"> <table bord=
er=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"body" style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; width: 100%;" width=3D"100%"> <tbody style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td align=3D"center" =
valign=3D"top" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <table align=3D"center" c=
ellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"table-container" width=3D"100%"=
 style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 600px; width: 100%;"> <tbody s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <t=
d height=3D"30" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"></td> </tr> <tr style=3D"=
box-sizing: border-box;"> <td class=3D"td-padding-copies copy-text" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; font-w=
eight: normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; font-size: 16px; vertica=
l-align: top; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"to=
p">Dear Reader,<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box;"> <table cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" align=3D"center=
" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td align=3D"center" style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><a href=3D"https://links.e.smart=
peoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Da89e65d68=
47e4b079c57a6bc202e4c83&_e=3DltuEllWVooR6ASveB4FgAW4R5OSuzULYdx-1JIgD3_Ie9Z=
KWlliryRsaXtgeMGvLvzqYCuJyaBo5_W-ED654BYVToXA8XxK-LeBYGOZgLQch7TGB6HYuQLGoS=
KiodYTbQnZ2cfNc3iAuNWsfLAazMGeHdSqGgElCAoI7SWJlnj5tXMwgxj9Xh_crce8lByl4mZEC=
fQKWzNWTIApWAT0PgrrpdAFt87ebuCt5cylXLZFs_fF3d4ftmI-J6dpivHyT" style=3D"box-=
sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900; text-decoration: none;"><img src=3D"h=
ttps://smartpeoplemail.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/104_WSMT2_3_B.png" st=
yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; height: auto; border: 0; -ms-in=
terpolation-mode: bicubic; max-width: 540px;" width=3D"540" alt=3D"Elon Mus=
k" height=3D"auto"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box;"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>Elon Musk laid the fou=
ndation for PayPal and changed the banking industry forever.<br style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><a href=3D"htt=
ps://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba=
1b6&_m=3Da89e65d6847e4b079c57a6bc202e4c83&_e=3DltuEllWVooR6ASveB4FgAW4R5OSu=
zULYdx-1JIgD3_Ie9ZKWlliryRsaXtgeMGvLvzqYCuJyaBo5_W-ED654BYVToXA8XxK-LeBYGOZ=
gLQfUyfogNoY5x1RJ9ba31MtqawJnhyPcwiuXCFxctCMflvbC9jRDAeFH-nj91f3LGMofYhYYUR=
skizyO0GJMdvfYke8ImAcopJ__68f17gDLO5W7e7wmKuHg2OXaruWShGGxLZmaKP0wcS63rJrEj=
STS" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900; t=
ext-decoration: underline;">He made Tesla the standard-bearer for the elect=
ric car market.</a><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box;">And he upended social media when he bought Twitter and =
turned it into X.<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box;"><a href=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=
=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3Da89e65d6847e4b079c57a6bc202e4c83&_=
e=3DltuEllWVooR6ASveB4FgAW4R5OSuzULYdx-1JIgD3_Ie9ZKWlliryRsaXtgeMGvLvzqYCuJ=
yaBo5_W-ED654BYVToXA8XxK-LeBYGOZgLQeiGwjC1zCtgoWGxHnHun5gkD3maZizKuwn4yce4N=
scSYlvV8eL3WBlunn9vb7ilXzz0Jln4et7cvGvieG4-kx5iW8rKvXf6b6ybXeW9tSTQ9Jwvwkp2=
dJyzbMBKK2H90cpjKTv32bKM2DyCo5KmK5r" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box; font-weight: 900; text-decoration: underline;">Now he=E2=80=99=
s about to do it again.</a><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Musk and his team in Texas have created someth=
ing so powerful that the U.S. government has come begging for their help. <=
div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height:=
 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height:=
 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Following his accidental exposure to gamma =
rays while saving the life of Rick Jones during the detonation of an experi=
mental bomb, Banner is physically transformed into the Hulk when subjected =
to emotional stress, at or against his will. This transformation often lead=
s to destructive rampages and to conflicts that complicate Banner's civilia=
n life. The Hulk's level of strength is normally conveyed as proportionate =
to his level of anger. Commonly portrayed as a raging savage, the Hulk has =
been represented with other alter egos, from a mindless, destructive force =
(War), to a brilliant warrior (World-Breaker), a self-hating protector (the=
 Devil/Immortal), a genius scientist in his own right (Doc Green), and a ga=
ngster (Joe Fixit). Despite both Hulk and Banner's desire for solitude, the=
 character has a large supporting cast. This includes Banner's love interes=
t Betty Ross, his best friend Rick Jones, his cousin She-Hulk, and therapis=
t and ally Doc Samson. In addition, the Hulk alter ego has many key support=
ing characters, like his co-founders of the superhero team the Avengers, hi=
s queen Caiera, fellow warriors Korg and Miek, and sons Skaar and Hiro-Kala=
. However, his uncontrollable power has brought him into conflict with his =
fellow heroes and others. Despite this, he tries his best to do what's righ=
t while battling villains such as the Leader, the Abomination, the Absorbin=
g Man, and more. Lee stated that the Hulk's creation was inspired by a comb=
ination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.[4] Although the Hulk's=
 coloration has varied throughout the character's publication history, the =
most usual color is green. One of the most iconic characters in popular cul=
ture,[5][6] the character has appeared on a variety of merchandise, such as=
 clothing and collectable items, inspired real-world structures (such as th=
eme park attractions), and been referenced in a number of media. Banner and=
 the Hulk have been adapted in live-action, animated, and video game incarn=
ations. The character was first played in live-action by Bill Bixby and Lou=
 Ferrigno in the 1978 television series The Incredible Hulk and its subsequ=
ent television films The Incredible Hulk Returns (1988), The Trial of the I=
ncredible Hulk (1989), and The Death of the Incredible Hulk (1990). In film=
, the character was played by Eric Bana in 2003's Hulk (2003). In the Marve=
l Cinematic Universe (MCU), the character was first portrayed by Edward Nor=
ton in the film The Incredible Hulk (2008) and then by Mark Ruffalo in late=
r appearances in the franchise. Publication history Further information: Li=
st of Hulk titles Concept and creation The Hulk first appeared in The Incre=
dible Hulk #1 (cover dated May 1962), written by writer-editor Stan Lee, pe=
nciled and co-plotted by Jack Kirby,[7][8] and inked by Paul Reinman. Lee c=
ites influence from Frankenstein[9] and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in the Hulk=
's creation: It was patently apparent that [the monstrous character the] Th=
ing was the most popular character in [Marvel's recently created superhero =
team the] Fantastic Four. ... For a long time, I'd been aware of the fact t=
hat people were more likely to favor someone who was less than perfect. ...=
 It's a safe bet that you remember Quasimodo, but how easily can you name a=
ny of the heroic, handsomer, more glamorous characters in The Hunchback of =
Notre Dame? And then there's Frankenstein ... I've always had a soft spot i=
n my heart for the Frankenstein monster. No one could ever convince me that=
 he was the bad guy. ... He never wanted to hurt anyone; he merely groped h=
is torturous way through a second life trying to defend himself, trying to =
come to terms with those who sought to destroy him. ... I decided I might a=
s well borrow from Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as well=E2=80=94our protagonist =
would constantly change from his normal identity to his superhuman alter eg=
o and back again.[10] Hulk comic logo Kirby also stated the Frankenstein in=
spiration stating, "I did a story called =E2=80=9CThe Hulk=E2=80=9D=E2=80=
=93 a small feature, and it was quite different from the Hulk that we know.=
 But I felt that the Hulk had possibilities, and I took this little charact=
er from the small feature and I transformed it into the Hulk that we know t=
oday. Of course, I was experimenting with it. I thought the Hulk might be a=
 good-looking Frankenstein. I felt there=E2=80=99s a Frankenstein in all of=
 us; I=E2=80=99ve seen it demonstrated. And I felt that the Hulk had the el=
ement of truth in it, and anything to me with the element of truth is valid=
 and the reader relates to that. And if you dramatize it, the reader will e=
njoy it."[11] Kirby also commented upon his influences in drawing the chara=
cter, and recalled the inspiration of witnessing the hysterical strength of=
 a mother lifting a car off her trapped child.[12][13][14] Lee has also com=
pared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology.[9] In The Science of Superhero=
es, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War[15] and t=
he threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up, U=
p and Oy Vey.[9] This interpretation corresponds with other popularized fic=
tional media created during this time period, which took advantage of the p=
revailing sense among Americans that nuclear power could produce monsters a=
nd mutants.[16] In the debut, Lee chose grey for the Hulk because he wanted=
 a color that did not suggest any particular ethnic group.[17] Colorist Sta=
n Goldberg, however, had problems with the grey coloring, resulting in diff=
erent shades of grey, and even green, in the issue. After seeing the first =
published issue, Lee chose to change the skin color to green.[18] Green was=
 used in retellings of the origin, with even reprints of the original story=
 being recolored for the next two decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2=
, #302 (December 1984) reintroduced the grey Hulk in flashbacks set close t=
o the origin story. An exception is the early trade paperback, Origins of M=
arvel Comics, from 1974, which explains the difficulties in keeping the gre=
y color consistent in a Stan Lee-written prologue, and reprints the origin =
story keeping the grey coloration. Since December 1984, reprints of the fir=
st issue have displayed the original grey coloring, with the fictional cano=
n specifying that the Hulk's skin had initially been grey. Lee gave the Hul=
k's alter ego the alliterative name "Bruce Banner" because he found he had =
less difficulty remembering alliterative names. Despite this, in later stor=
ies he misremembered the character's name and referred to him as "Bob Banne=
r", an error which readers quickly picked up on.[19] The discrepancy was re=
solved by giving the character the official full name "Robert Bruce Banner.=
"[1] The Hulk got his name from a comic book character named The Heap who w=
as a large green swamp monster.[20] Series history The Hulk's original seri=
es was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963). Lee had written each story, wit=
h Kirby penciling the first five issues and Steve Ditko penciling and inkin=
g the sixth. The character immediately guest-starred in The Fantastic Four =
#12 (March 1963), and months later became a founding member of the superher=
o team the Avengers, appearing in the first two issues of the team's eponym=
ous series (Sept. and Nov. 1963), and returning as an antagonist in issue #=
3 and as an ally in #5 (Jan.=E2=80=93May 1964). He then guest-starred in Fa=
ntastic Four #25=E2=80=9326 (April=E2=80=93May 1964), which revealed Banner=
's full name as Robert Bruce Banner, and The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1=
964). </div> <br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box;">To find out Elon=E2=80=99s next move, <a href=3D"https://link=
s.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3D=
a89e65d6847e4b079c57a6bc202e4c83&_e=3DltuEllWVooR6ASveB4FgAW4R5OSuzULYdx-1J=
IgD3_Ie9ZKWlliryRsaXtgeMGvLvzqYCuJyaBo5_W-ED654BYVToXA8XxK-LeBYGOZgLQdA-B-W=
qaxvUS3abN63iPVOCtS02OQ-6FBbRtJMEj7ADPmPa8DR7lvIKC0wD0cz1IXSS-P_zvIOLBnTW4r=
PvC5kMi_gvQO860gRt-_PWM63eapBZtoSg34uWxzsdhotkOcD6nKTb0MaEMkZHhAD5dYy" targ=
et=3D"_blank" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 900; text-decor=
ation: underline;">click here.</a><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br=
 style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Sincerely,<br style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><img src=3D"https://smartpeop=
lemail.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sean-Brodrick.png" alt=3D"Sean Brodri=
ck Signature" width=3D"150" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; =
border: 0; -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; width: 150px;"><br style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Sean Brodrick<b=
r style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">Editor<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox;">Weiss Ratings<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box;"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </ta=
ble></div></td></tr></table><table class=3D"html_block block-3" width=3D"10=
0%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"=
><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,He=
lvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><d=
iv style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: =
0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: =
0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Initial screening Avatar premiered in London=
 on December 10, 2009, and was released theatrically worldwide from Decembe=
r 16 to 18.[156] The film was originally set for release on May 22, 2009, d=
uring filming[157] but was pushed back to allow more post-production time (=
the last shots were delivered in November)[80] and give more time for theat=
ers worldwide to install 3D projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's=
 aspect ratio would be 1.78:1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image wou=
ld be extracted for 2D screenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract w=
as approved for use with constant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that =
increase in width to display 2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showin=
g in Germany on December 16, the movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctio=
ned, and some copies delivered weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theate=
rs. The problems were fixed in time for the public premiere.[162] Avatar wa=
s released in a total of 3,457 theaters in the US, of which 2,032 theaters =
showed it in 3D. In total, 90% of all advance ticket sales for Avatar were =
for 3D screenings.[163] Internationally, Avatar opened on a total of 14,604=
 screens in 106 territories, of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D (pr=
oducing 56% of the first weekend gross).[164][165] The film was simultaneou=
sly presented in IMAX 3D format, opening in 178 theaters in the United Stat=
es on December 18. The international IMAX release included 58 theaters begi=
nning on December 16, and 25 more theaters were to be added in the coming w=
eeks.[166] The IMAX release was the company's widest to date, a total of 26=
1 theaters worldwide. The previous IMAX record opening was Harry Potter and=
 the Half-Blood Prince, which opened in 161 IMAX theaters in the US, and ab=
out 70 international.[167] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later release=
d Avatar in 4D version, which included "moving seats, smells of explosives,=
 sprinkling water, laser lights and wind".[20] Post-original release In Jul=
y 2010, Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical rerele=
ase of the film on August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D.=
[168] Avatar: Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of footag=
e, all of which is CG,[169] including an extension of the sex scene[170] an=
d various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film.[169=
] This extended re-release resulted in the film's run time approaching the =
then-current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time=
 for the end credits. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes =
cost more than $1 million a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 1=
2-week re-release, Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 mil=
lion in North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of =
$33.2 million.[5] The film was later re-released in China in March 2021, al=
lowing it to surpass Avengers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film =
of all time.[24] Avatar was re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, =
by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, w=
ith the film being remastered in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes =
at a high frame rate of 48-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to=
 the December 2022 premiere of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] P=
rior to this, Cameron previously teased a re-release of the film back in 20=
17 when promoting the Dolby Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that ther=
e were plans in the works to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-rel=
ease it in Dolby Cinema. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></=
table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-7" align=3D"center"=
 width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"pr=
esentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table=
-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-=
content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=
=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lsp=
ace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; colo=
r: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbo=
dy style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
<td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: =
left; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: top; border-to=
p: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" va=
lign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0=
" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"=
><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,He=
lvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: =
hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height:=
 0; margin: 0;">Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the=
 film on DVD and Blu-ray in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on=
 April 26.[176] The US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was=
 done to coincide with Earth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release do=
es not contain any supplemental features other than the theatrical film and=
 the disc menu in favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound.=
 The release also preserves the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Camer=
on felt that was the best format to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc c=
ontains DRM (BD+ 5) which some Blu-ray players might not support without a =
firmware update.[179][180] Avatar set a first-day launch record in the U.S.=
 for Blu-ray sales at 1.5 million units sold, breaking the record previousl=
y held by The Dark Knight (600,000 units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray s=
ales combined were over four million units sold.[181] In its first four day=
s of release, sales of Avatar on Blu-ray reached 2.7 million in the United =
States and Canada =E2=80=93 overtaking The Dark Knight to become the best e=
ver selling Blu-ray release in the region.[182][183] The release later brok=
e the Blu-ray sales record in the UK the following week.[184] In its first =
three weeks of release, the film sold a total of 19.7 million DVD and Blu-r=
ay discs combined, a new record for sales in that period.[185] As of July 1=
8, 2012, DVD sales (not including Blu-ray) totaled over 10.5 million units =
sold with $190,806,055 in revenue.[186] Avatar retained its record as the t=
op-selling Blu-ray in the US market until January 2015, when it was surpass=
ed by Disney's Frozen.[187] The Avatar three-disc Extended Collector's Edit=
ion on DVD and Blu-ray was released on November 16, 2010. Three different v=
ersions of the film are present on the discs: the original theatrical cut (=
162 minutes), the special edition cut (170 minutes), and a collector's exte=
nded cut (178 minutes). The DVD set spreads the film across two discs, whil=
e the Blu-ray set presents it on a single disc.[188] The collector's extend=
ed cut contains 8 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes longer=
 than the original theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit down, an=
d in a continuous screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening". =
He stated the "Earth opening" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of sce=
nes that were in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cu=
t before the film's theatrical release.[189] The release also includes an a=
dditional 45 minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initi=
ally stated that Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010, but t=
he studio issued a correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar w=
ill not be out on 3D Blu-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated tha=
t the 3D version would be released some time in 2011.[185] It was later rev=
ealed that Fox had given Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray =
version and only with the purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panas=
onic's exclusivity period is stated to last until February 2012.[191] On Oc=
tober 2010, Cameron stated that the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the fina=
l version of the film's home release and that it was "maybe one, two years =
out".[192] On Christmas Eve 2010, Avatar had its 3D television world premie=
re on Sky.[193][194][195] On August 13, 2012, Cameron announced on Facebook=
 that Avatar would be released globally on Blu-ray 3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D =
version was finally released on October 16, 2012.[197] Reception Critical r=
esponse On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 319 reviews are positi=
ve, and the average rating is 7.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "It might=
 be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of storytelling, b=
ut Avatar reaffirms James Cameron's singular gift for imaginative, absorbin=
g filmmaking."[198] On Metacritic =E2=80=94 which assigns a weighted mean s=
core =E2=80=94 the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics, i=
ndicating "universal acclaim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave th=
e film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographic surve=
yed was reported to give this rating. These polls also indicated that the m=
ain draw of the film was its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun=
-Times called the film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of four. =
"Watching Avatar, I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977,"=
 he said, adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellows=
hip of the Ring, the film "employs a new generation of special effects" and=
 it "is not simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a=
 technical breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201=
] A. O. Scott of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the=
 first time he viewed Star Wars and he said "although the script is a littl=
e bit ... obvious," it was "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCa=
rthy of Variety praised the film, saying "The King of the World sets his si=
ghts on creating another world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a pla=
ce worth visiting."[204] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the =
film a positive review. "The screen is alive with more action and the sound=
track pops with more robust music than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you c=
are to mention," he stated.[205] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Ava=
tar a three-and-a-half out of four star rating and wrote in his print revie=
w "It extends the possibilities of what movies can do. Cameron's talent may=
 just be as big as his dreams."[206] Richard Corliss of Time magazine thoug=
ht that the film was "the most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy w=
orld ever seen in the history of moving pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of th=
e Los Angeles Times thought the film has "powerful" visual accomplishments =
but "flat dialogue" and "obvious characterization".[208] James Berardinelli=
 of ReelViews praised the film and its story, giving it four out of four st=
ars; he wrote "In 3-D, it's immersive =E2=80=93 but the traditional film el=
ements =E2=80=93 story, character, editing, theme, emotional resonance, etc=
. =E2=80=93 are presented with sufficient expertise to make even the 2-D ve=
rsion an engrossing 2+1=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underlyin=
g social and political themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New =
York Press wrote that Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "mis=
represent facets of militarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Rus=
sell D. Moore of The Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in th=
e film" and stated "If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to =
stand and applaud the defeat of their country in war, then you've got some =
amazing special effects."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more po=
sitive about the film, calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century=
 version of the American colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or L=
atin America vs. United Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opi=
ned that the film is "Cameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood=
's religion of choice for a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of T=
he Tennessean called the film a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spir=
ituality in general",[215] and Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the =
contrary, commended the film's message for its overall consistency with the=
 teachings of Hinduism in the Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 con=
cluded that Avatar is another film that has the recurring "fantasy about ra=
ce" whereby "some white guy" becomes the "most awesome" member of a non-whi=
te culture.[217] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the=
 season's ideological Rorschach blot",[218] while Miranda Devine of The Syd=
ney Morning Herald thought that "It [was] impossible to watch Avatar withou=
t being banged over the head with the director's ideological hammer."[219] =
Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essential, yet less visible social theme tha=
t contributed to Avatar's success concerns contemporary fascinations with v=
irtual avatars and "the transition from the world of reality to that of vir=
tual reality".[220] Critics and audiences have cited similarities with othe=
r films, literature or media, describing the perceived connections in ways =
ranging from simple "borrowing" to outright plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Bost=
on Globe called it "the same movie" as Dances with Wolves.[221] Like Dances=
 with Wolves, Avatar has been characterized as being a "white savior" movie=
, in which a "backwards" native people is impotent without the leadership o=
f a member of the invading white culture.[222][223] Parallels to the concep=
t and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson's 1957 novelette "Call Me Joe",=
 in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial=
 body on Jupiter.[224][225] Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that Avat=
ar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe novels by Arkady and=
 Boris Strugatsky, which are set in the 22nd century on a forested world ca=
lled Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the Nave.[226] Vario=
us reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully: The Last Rainforest=
,[227][228] Pocahontas[229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's Morning Editio=
n has compared the film to a montage of tropes, with one commentator statin=
g that Avatar was made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender".[23=
1] Gary Westfahl wrote that "the science fiction story that most closely re=
sembles Avatar has to be Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for World Is For=
est (1972), another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who happil=
y inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until they are =
attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that the on=
ly good gook is a dead gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor Ga=
rdner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the "ma=
sh-up" included Alan Dean Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sources =
saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic ima=
ges of dragons and floating rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued C=
ameron and Fox, claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dea=
n sought damages of $50m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The H=
ollywood Reporter noted that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cas=
es.[236] Avatar received compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg=
 praising it as "the most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since=
 Star Wars" and others calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master cl=
ass", and "brilliant". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian =
is also a noted fan of the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said:=
 "It's not in my top three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the =
film did you have any doubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For Frenc=
h filmmaker Luc Besson, Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an ad=
aptation of the graphic novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that techn=
ologically supports the scope of its source material, with Besson even thro=
wing his original script in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.=
[239] TIME ranked Avatar number 3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies =
of the Millennium (Thus Far)"[240] also earning it a spot on the magazine's=
 All-Time 100 list,[241] and IGN listed Avatar as number 22 on their list o=
f the top 25 Sci-Fi movies of all time. </div></div></td></tr> </table></td=
></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-8" =
align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=
=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lsp=
ace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-size: auto;"><tbody style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" bor=
der=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; backg=
round-color: #fff; background-size: auto; color: #000; width: 600px; margin=
: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1"=
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able-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; background-color: #f5f5=
f5; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-t=
op: 5px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom=
: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" bgcolor=3D"#f5f5f5" valign=3D"top"><ta=
ble class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D=
"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-ser=
if; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"> <div style=3D"box-sizing: border=
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ng: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica=
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 mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; mar=
gin: 0;"> After the film's release and unusually strong box office performa=
nce over its first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of sur=
passing Titanic's worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box=
 office analysts.[294] Other films in recent years had been cited as conten=
ders for surpassing Titanic, such as 2008's The Dark Knight,[295] but Avata=
r was considered the first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its num=
bers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D screenings[294] did not ful=
ly explain its success to box office analysts. "Most films are considered t=
o be healthy if they manage anything less than a 50% drop from their first =
weekend to their second. Dipping just 11% from the first to the third is un=
heard of," said Paul Dergarabedian, president of box-office analysis for Ho=
llywood.com. "This is just unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thou=
ght it was a miscalculation."[296] Analysts predicted second place for the =
film's worldwide gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic=
 because "Today's films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic wa=
s released."[296] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in t=
he film's chances of becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though=
 he also believed it was too early to surmise because it had only played du=
ring the holidays. He said, "While Avatar may beat Titanic's record, it wil=
l be tough, and the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. Tick=
et prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s."[296] Cameron said he di=
d not think it was realistic to "try to topple Titanic off its perch" becau=
se it "just struck some kind of chord" and there had been other good films =
in recent years.[297] He changed his prediction by mid-January. "It's gonna=
 happen. It's just a matter of time," he said.[298] You've got to compete h=
ead on with these other epic works of fantasy and fiction, the Tolkiens and=
 the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People want a persistent alternate reali=
ty to invest themselves in and they want the detail that makes it rich and =
worth their time. They want to live somewhere else. Like Pandora. James Cam=
eron on the success of Avatar[299] Although analysts have been unable to ag=
ree that Avatar's success is attributable to one primary factor, several ex=
planations have been advanced. First, January is historically "the dumping =
ground for the year's weakest films", and this also applied to 2010.[300] C=
ameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so that it woul=
d have less competition from then to January.[287] Titanic capitalized on t=
he same January predictability, and earned most of its gross in 1998.[300] =
Additionally, Avatar established itself as a "must-see" event. Gray said, "=
At this point, people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar a=
nd would even if the slate was strong."[300] Marketing the film as a "novel=
ty factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that s=
hould be seen in the theaters. "It's really hard to sell the idea that you =
can have the same experience at home," stated David Mumpower, an analyst at=
 BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buzz" surrounding the film and inte=
rnational viewings helped. "Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned oversea=
s, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar opened in 106 markets globally =
and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "such as Russia, where Titan=
ic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "more sc=
reens and moviegoers" than before.[300] According to Variety, films in 3D a=
ccumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold increase over 2008 and more t=
han 10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The increased ticket price =E2=
=80=93 an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets =E2=80=93 helped t=
he film.[300] Likewise, Entertainment Weekly attributed the film's success =
to 3D glasses but also to its "astronomic word-of-mouth". Not only do some =
theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX tickets, but "the buzz" created by th=
e new technology was the possible cause for sold-out screenings.[301] Gray =
said Avatar having no basis in previously established material makes its pe=
rformance remarkable and even more impressive. "The movie might be derivati=
ve of many movies in its story and themes," he said, "but it had no direct =
antecedent like the other top-grossing films: Titanic (historical events), =
the Star Wars movies (an established film franchise), or The Lord of the Ri=
ngs (literature). It was a tougher sell ..."[300] The Hollywood Reporter es=
timated that after a combined production and promotion cost of between $387=
=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net profit of $1.2 billion. </div><=
/div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>=
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