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Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and=20
Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live-action=
=20
shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environmen=
ts.=20
"Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they're looki=
ng=20
at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four=
=20
months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live action was shot wi=
th a=20
modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fusion Camera System, devel=
oped=20
by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007, Fox had announced that 3-D=
=20
filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron's=
=20
strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher frame rate to make strobing =
less=20
noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60%=20
computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional=20
miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes=20
Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Live action photograp=
hy=20
began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington and was schedul=
ed=20
to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people worked on the production.[=
70]=20
In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the actors underwent=20
professional training specific to their characters such as archery, horseba=
ck=20
riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They received language and=20
dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film.[72] Before=20
shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical=20
rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on t=
he=20
soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his virtual camera syst=
em,=20
a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system shows the acto=
rs'=20
virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time, allowing t=
he=20
director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action. Accor=
ding=20
to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful game engine. If I want to fly throug=
h=20
space, or change my perspective, I can. I can turn the whole scene into a=
=20
living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale."[74] Using conventio=
nal=20
techniques, the complete virtual world cannot be seen until the motion-capt=
ure=20
of the actors is complete. Cameron said this process does not diminish the=
=20
value or importance of acting. On the contrary, because there is no need fo=
r=20
repeated camera and lighting setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups=
,=20
scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the=
=20
system as a "form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a=20
mountain or the sky or change the time of day, you have complete control ov=
er=20
the elements".[76] Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter=
=20
Jackson a chance to test the new technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to=
=20
think of it as digital makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture=
=20
brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors on=
ly=20
know when they're working in live theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas =
were=20
also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] =
To=20
film the shots where CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referr=
ed=20
to as a "simulcam" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virt=
ual=20
camera systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, t=
he=20
CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are=
=20
superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown =
on a=20
small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors h=
ow=20
to relate to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's person=
al=20
convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food =
to=20
be served on set.=20


A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during productio=
n.=20
According to Cameron, work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to=
=20
allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequa=
tely=20
portray his vision of the film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of=
=20
photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new motion capt=
ure=20
animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up t=
o=20
December 2006.[74] Innovations include a new system for lighting massive ar=
eas=20
like Pandora's jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times lar=
ger=20
than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial=20
expressions, enabling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturi=
ng,=20
actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera position=
ed=20
in front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial=
=20
expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to=20
Cameron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors'=
=20
physical performances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the=20
performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers,=
=20
numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each=
=20
performance.[83] A technically challenging scene was near the end of the fi=
lm=20
when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form=
,=20
and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light=
=20
between them.[84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in=20
Wellington, at one point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Beca=
use=20
of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and availab=
le=20
for everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud=20
computing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created =
by=20
Microsoft especially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of a=
nd=20
coordinate all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta=
=20
used a 930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packar=
d=20
servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three=20
petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster=
=20
manager, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan an=
d=20
Pixar's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm=20
occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most=20
powerful supercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called=
=20
Mari, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creati=
ng=20
the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petab=
yte=20
of digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avatar=20
occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer=
=20
several hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish=20
preparing the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companie=
s=20
were brought on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked=20
alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible =
for=20
the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised =
a=20
new way to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual effec=
ts=20
general supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Music fr=
om=20
the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar World" 0:=
32 listen to=20
a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problems playing this file? =
See=20
media help. Composer James Horner scored the film, his third collaboration =
with=20
Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner recorded parts of the score wi=
th a=20
small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in March 2008.[99] He also=
=20
worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist, to create a music culture f=
or=20
the alien race.[100] The first scoring sessions were planned to take place =
in=20
early 2009.[101] During production, Horner promised Cameron that he would n=
ot=20
work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the sc=
ore=20
from four in the morning until ten at night throughout the process. He stat=
ed=20
in an interview, "Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on =
and=20
the biggest job I have undertaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two=
=20
different scores merged into one. He first created a score that reflected t=
he=20
Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score=
 to=20
drive the film.[72] British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme=
=20
song for the film, called "I See You". An accompanying music video, directe=
d by=20
Jake Nava, premiered December 15, 2009, on MySpace.

Below is an important message from one of our highly valued sponsors. Pleas=
e=20
read it carefully as they have some special information to share with you.


=E2=80=8A=20


Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the=
=20
context of imperialism, and deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration=
 was=20
"every single science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to=
=20
update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He=20
acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields=
 of=20
the Lord, The Emerald Forest, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes=
=20
between cultures and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a=20
battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighti=
ng=20
against.[105][106] He also cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Princ=
ess=20
Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, Cameron=
=20
filed a 45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in great detai=
l=20
the genesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be=20
Avatar."[107] In addition to historical events (such as European colonizati=
on=20
of the Americas), his life experiences and several of his unproduced projec=
ts,=20
Cameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited hi=
s=20
script and concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced as a short film,=
 as=20
being the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar. He stat=
ed=20
that Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature, the id=
ea=20
of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonization of alien=
=20
planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force, the story =
of a=20
seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically superior force, an=
d=20
the good scientist were all established and recurrent themes" from his earl=
ier=20
films including Aliens, The Abyss, Rambo: First Blood Part II, The Terminat=
or=20
and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He specifically mentioned the "water tentac=
le"=20
in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" that "takes on the appearance of.=
..an=20
alien life form...in order to bridge the cultural gap and build trust."[108=
]=20
Cameron also cited a number of works by other creators as "reference points=
 and=20
sources of inspiration" for Avatar. These include two of his "favorite" fil=
ms,=20
2001: A Space Odyssey, where mankind experiences an evolution after meeting=
=20
alien life, and Lawrence of Arabia, where "an outsider...encounters and=20
immerses into a foreign culture and then ultimately joins that group to fig=
ht=20
other outsiders." Cameron said he became familiar with the concept of a hum=
an=20
operating a "synthetic avatar" inside another world from George Henry Smith=
's=20
short story "In the Imagicon" and Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the=
=20
Stars. He said he learned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk nov=
els=20
Neuromancer by William Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The=
=20
idea of a "world mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem.=20
Cameron mentioned several other films about people interacting with "indige=
nous=20
cultures" as inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Would=
 Be=20
King, The Mission, The Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book and=20
FernGully. He also cited as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stories =
by=20
Edgar Rice Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H.=
=20
Rider Haggard.[108] In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was ask=
ed=20
about the meaning of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarna=
tion=20
of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means =
is=20
that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's=
=20
intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body."[10] Cameron =
also=20
cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell, in terms o=
f=20
how humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities into, ali=
en=20
bodies.[109][110] For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri,=
=20
Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in the traditi=
on=20
of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of =
Jack=20
and Rose from his film Titanic. An interviewer stated, "Both couples come f=
rom=20
radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship an=
d=20
are forced to choose sides between the competing communities."[113] Cameron=
=20
described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas," saying that his plotline followed th=
e=20
historical story of a "white outsider [who] falls in love with the chief's=
=20
daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe and to their special bond with=
=20
nature."[108] Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love st=
ory=20
would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical=20
attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which was developed by=20
considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.[114] Although Camer=
on=20
felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portrayers=20
(Worthington and Saldana) felt the characters did. Cameron said the two act=
ors=20
"had a great chemistry" during filming.[113] A gray mountain in the middle =
of a=20
forest. Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains" were inspired in part by =
the=20
Chinese Huangshan mountains (pictured).[115] Zhangjiajie National Forest Pa=
rk=20
For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspirat=
ion=20
from "many different types of mountains, but mainly the karst limestone=20
formations in China."[116] According to production designer Dylan Cole, the=
=20
fictional floating rocks were inspired by Huangshan (also known as Yellow=
=20
Mountain), Guilin, Zhangjiajie, among others around the world.[116] Cameron=
 had=20
noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating=20
mountains.[117] To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pando=
ra,=20
production designers visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux[118] oil platform in=
 the=20
Gulf of Mexico during June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed eve=
ry=20
aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with=20
photorealistic CGI during post-production.=20


The first photo of the film was released on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empir=
e=20
released exclusive images from the film in its October issue.[125] Cameron,=
=20
producer Jon Landau, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appear=
ed=20
at a panel, moderated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on Ju=
ly=20
23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weav=
er=20
and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on =
the=20
23rd[128] and 24th[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced at the=
=20
Comic-Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, th=
e=20
trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer a=
nd=20
toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 129-second=20
trailer was released online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-second tra=
iler=20
was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered on=
line=20
on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133][134] An extended=
=20
version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[132] The Holly=
wood=20
Reporter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [same]=20
establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and suggested the showing=
=20
reflected the desire for original storytelling.[135] The teaser has been am=
ong=20
the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the fir=
st=20
place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.[136] On Oct=
ober=20
30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowe=
d=20
Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of=20
press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film premiered live =
on=20
November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium =
in=20
Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's largest=
=20
video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox. It is said to =
be=20
the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history.[138] The Coca-C=
ola=20
Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to=
=20
promote the film. The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com.=
=20
Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero, when held in front of =
a=20
webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D features using=20
augmented reality (AR) technology.[139] The film was heavily promoted in an=
=20
episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The Gamer In The Grease"=20
(Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurring role on=
 the=20
program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the=
=20
film.[140] A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana promoted the f=
ilm=20
on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost.[141]=20
McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe ca=
lled=20
"Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to the website set up b=
y=20
Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi.[142] Bo=
oks=20
Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pando=
ra,=20
a 224-page book in the form of a field guide to the film's fictional settin=
g of=20
the planet of Pandora, was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24,=
=20
2009.[143] It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans=
=20
about Pandora and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathiso=
n.=20
HarperFestival also released Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The=
=20
Reusable Scrapbook for children.[144] The Art of Avatar was released on=20
November 30, 2009, by Abrams Books. The book features detailed production=
=20
artwork from the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa=
=20
Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Camer=
on=20
wrote the epilogue, and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In=
=20
October 2010, Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar, a 272-page b=
ook=20
that detailed the film's production process and contains over 500 color=20
photographs and illustrations.[146] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that =
he=20
planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released.[147=
] In=20
February 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel nove=
l=20
for Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it wou=
ld=20
go into much more depth about all the stories that we didn't have time to d=
eal=20
with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story th=
at=20
fills in a lot of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced that Camero=
n=20
hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar=20
universe.[149] ance Post released a special limited edition stamp based on=
=20
Avatar, coinciding with the film's worldwide release.


 Dear Friend,

 A major change is set to rock the entire U.S. banking system=E2=80=A6

 As  I=E2=80=99ll show you here=20
<https://www.bropom.com/crdfen/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/CAFE3>, this=
=20
change could:


 =C2=BB KILL the existing banking system=E2=80=A6
 =C2=BB KILL the country=E2=80=99s payroll system, and=E2=80=A6
 =C2=BB KILL the U.S. dollar entirely!


 And here=E2=80=99s the thing=E2=80=A6

 This change is all part of a  plan by the U.S. government=20
<https://www.bropom.com/crdfen/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/CAFE3> =E2=80=
=94 and its=20
set to go into full effect as soon as Dec 31st.

Around this time, co-creator Kirby received a letter from a college dormito=
ry=20
stating the Hulk had been chosen as its official mascot.[9] Kirby and Lee=
=20
realized their character had found an audience in college-age readers. A ye=
ar=20
and a half after The Incredible Hulk was canceled, the Hulk became one of t=
wo=20
features in Tales to Astonish, beginning in issue #60 (Oct. 1964).[21] This=
 new=20
Hulk feature was initially scripted by Lee, with pencils by Steve Ditko and=
=20
inks by George Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby=
=20
(#68=E2=80=9387, June 1965 =E2=80=93 Oct. 1966); Gil Kane (credited as "Sco=
tt Edwards", #76,=20
(Feb. 1966)); Bill Everett (#78=E2=80=9384, April=E2=80=93Oct. 1966); John =
Buscema (#85=E2=80=9387);=20
and Marie Severin. The Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains =
the=20
Leader,[4] who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination, anothe=
r=20
gamma-irradiated being.[4] Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tal=
es=20
to Astonish. Beginning with issue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitled T=
he=20
Incredible Hulk vol. 2,[22] and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the se=
ries=20
and launched Hulk #1. Marvel filed for a trademark for "The Incredible Hulk=
" in=20
1967, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the registra=
tion=20
in 1970.[23] Len Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978, working firs=
t=20
with Herb Trimpe, then, as of issue #194 (December 1975), with Sal Buscema,=
 who=20
was the regular artist for ten years.[24] Issues #180=E2=80=93181 (Oct.=E2=
=80=93Nov. 1974)=20
introduced Wolverine as an antagonist,[25] who would go on to become one of=
=20
Marvel Comics' most popular characters. In 1977, Marvel launched a second=
=20
title, The Rampaging Hulk, a black-and-white comics magazine.[4] This was=
=20
originally conceived as a flashback series, set between the end of his=20
original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales =
to=20
Astonish.[26] After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk! and=20
printed in color.[27] In 1977, two Hulk television films were aired to stro=
ng=20
ratings, leading to an Incredible Hulk TV series that aired from 1978 to 19=
82.=20
A huge ratings success, the series introduced the popular Hulk catchphrase=
=20
"Don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry", and broadened t=
he=20
character's popularity from a niche comic book readership into the mainstre=
am=20
consciousness.[28] Bill Mantlo became the series' writer for five years=20
beginning with issue #245 (March 1980). Mantlo's "Crossroads of Eternity"=
=20
stories (#300=E2=80=93313 (Oct. 1984 =E2=80=93 Nov. 1985)) explored the ide=
a that Banner had=20
suffered child abuse. Later Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak have call=
ed=20
these stories an influence on their approaches to the character.[29][30] Ma=
ntlo=20
left the series for Alpha Flight and that series' writer John Byrne took ov=
er=20
The Incredible Hulk.[31] The final issue of Byrne's six issue run featured =
the=20
wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross.[32] Writer Peter David began a 12-y=
ear=20
run with issue #331 (May 1987). He returned to the Roger Stern and Mantlo a=
buse=20
storylines, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering=
=20
dissociative identity disorder (DID).[4] In 1998, David killed off Banner's=
=20
long-time love Betty Ross. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportu=
nity=20
to pursue the return of the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his=20
parting ways with Marvel.[33] Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging=
=20
Hulk as a standard comic book rather than as a comics magazine.[4] The=20
Incredible Hulk was again cancelled with issue #474 of its second volume in=
=20
March 1999 and was replaced with a new series, Hulk the following month, wi=
th=20
returning writer Byrne and art by Ron Garney.[34][35] New series writer Pau=
l=20
Jenkins developed the Hulk's multiple dissociative identities,[36] and his =
run=20
was followed by Bruce Jones[37] with his run featuring Banner being pursued=
 by=20
a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended hi=
s=20
43-issue Incredible Hulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knock=
s=20
#1=E2=80=934 (Nov. 2004 =E2=80=93 Feb. 2005), which Marvel published after =
putting the ongoing=20
series on hiatus. Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the=
=20
six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writer when it was deci=
ded=20
to make that story the first five parts of the revived (vol. 3).[38] After =
a=20
four-part tie-in to the "House of M" storyline and a one-issue epilogue, Da=
vid=20
left the series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for the sake=
 of=20
his career.[39] Writer Greg Pak took over the series in 2006, leading the H=
ulk=20
through several crossover storylines including "Planet Hulk" and "World War=
=20
Hulk", which left the Hulk temporarily incapacitated and replaced as the=20
series' title character by the demigod Hercules in the retitled The Incredi=
ble=20
Hercules (Feb. 2008). The Hulk returned periodically in Hulk, which then=20
starred the new Red Hulk.[40] In September 2009, The Incredible Hulk was=20
relaunched as The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #600.[40] The series was retitle=
d=20
The Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (Nov. 2010) to encompass the Hulk's=20
expanded family, and ran until issue #635 (Oct. 2011) when it was replaced =
with=20
The Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) (15 issues, Dec. 2011 =E2=80=93 Dec. 2012) wri=
tten by=20
Jason Aaron with art by Marc Silvestri.[41] As part of Marvel's 2012 Marvel=
=20
NOW! relaunch, a series called Indestructible Hulk (Nov. 2012) debuted unde=
r=20
the creative team of Mark Waid and Leinil Yu.[42] This series was replaced =
in=20
2014 with The Hulk by Waid and artist Mark Bagley.[43] A new series titled =
The=20
Immortal Hulk, written by Al Ewing and drawn by Joe Bennett, was launched i=
n=20
2018 and ran for 50 issues. The series had a spin-off one-shot Immortal=20
She-Hulk[44] and a spin-off series about Gamma Flight in June 2021.[45] In=
=20
November 2021, Donny Cates became the new writer of Hulk, with Ryan Ottley=
=20
joining as artist. In May 2022, the series did a crossover with the Thor=20
series, also written by Cates, entitled Hulk vs Thor: Banner of War. The se=
ries=20
ran for 14 issues, with Ottley taking over as writer for the last 4 issues=
=20
afters Cates left the book.[46][47] In March 2023, it was announced that a =
new=20
volume of The Incredible Hulk would launch in June 2023, written by Philip=
=20
Kennedy Johnson and drawn by Nic Klein. So, if you have any money in a U.S.=
=20
checking or savings account, then click here and read this urgent message r=
ight=20
away =C2=BB <https://www.bropom.com/crdfen/sterlingwhg@gmail.com/044SPM/B/C=
AFE3>

 In it to win it,
 Andrew Zatlin
 Global Economist, Moneyball Economics=20

Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was=
=20
released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18.[156] The film was=
=20
originally set for release on May 22, 2009, during filming[157] but was pus=
hed=20
back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were delivered in=
=20
November)[80] and give more time for theaters worldwide to install 3D=20
projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's aspect ratio would be 1.78:=
1=20
for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for 2D=20
screenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use wit=
h=20
constant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that increase in width to disp=
lay=20
2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 16, =
the=20
movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctioned, and some copies delivered=20
weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theaters. The problems were fixed in =
time for the=20
public premiere.[162] Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theaters in t=
he=20
US, of which 2,032 theaters showed it in 3D. In total, 90% of all advance=
=20
ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings.[163] Internationally, Avata=
r=20
opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories, of which 3,671 were=
=20
showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the first weekend gross).[164][165=
]=20
The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D format, opening in 178=20
theaters in the United States on December 18. The international IMAX releas=
e=20
included 58 theaters beginning on December 16, and 25 more theaters were to=
 be=20
added in the coming weeks.[166] The IMAX release was the company's widest t=
o=20
date, a total of 261 theaters worldwide. The previous IMAX record opening w=
as=20
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which opened in 161 IMAX theaters i=
n=20
the US, and about 70 international.[167] 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and=
=20
later released Avatar in 4D version, which included "moving seats, smells o=
f=20
explosives, sprinkling water, laser lights and wind".[20] Post-original rel=
ease=20
In July 2010, Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical=
=20
rerelease of the film on August 27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IM=
AX=20
3D.[168] Avatar: Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of=20
footage, all of which is CG,[169] including an extension of the sex scene[1=
70]=20
and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film.[1=
69]=20
This extended re-release resulted in the film's run time approaching the=20
then-current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time=
 for=20
the end credits. Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost =
more=20
than $1 million a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 12-week=20
re-release, Avatar: Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in=
=20
North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2=20
million.[5] The film was later re-released in China in March 2021, allowing=
 it=20
to surpass Avengers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film of all=20
time.[24] Avatar was re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, by Walt=
=20
Disney Studios Motion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, with the =
film=20
being remastered in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes at a high fra=
me=20
rate of 48-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to the December 20=
22=20
premiere of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] Prior to this, Camer=
on=20
previously teased a re-release of the film back in 2017 when promoting the=
=20
Dolby Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that there were plans in the wo=
rks=20
to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-release it in Dolby Cinema.


Home media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and=
=20
Blu-ray in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on April 26.[176] T=
he=20
US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide wi=
th=20
Earth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any=20
supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in f=
avor=20
of and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also preser=
ves=20
the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Cameron felt that was the best fo=
rmat=20
to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc contains DRM (BD+ 5) which some=20
Blu-ray players might not support without a firmware update.[179][180] Avat=
ar=20
set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales at 1.5 million=
=20
units sold, breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight (600,000=
=20
units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were over four millio=
n=20
units sold.[181] In its first four days of release, sales of Avatar on Blu-=
ray=20
reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada =E2=80=93 overtaking Th=
e Dark=20
Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ray release in the region.[182][=
183]=20
The release later broke the Blu-ray sales record in the UK the following=20
week.[184] In its first three weeks of release, the film sold a total of 19=
.7=20
million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined, a new record for sales in that=20
period.[185] As of July 18, 2012, DVD sales (not including Blu-ray) totaled=
=20
over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 in revenue.[186] Avatar reta=
ined=20
its record as the top-selling Blu-ray in the US market until January 2015, =
when=20
it was surpassed by Disney's Frozen.[187] The Avatar three-disc Extended=20
Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu-ray was released on November 16, 2010. T=
hree=20
different versions of the film are present on the discs: the original=20
theatrical cut (162 minutes), the special edition cut (170 minutes), and a=
=20
collector's extended cut (178 minutes). The DVD set spreads the film across=
 two=20
discs, while the Blu-ray set presents it on a single disc.[188] The collect=
or's=20
extended cut contains 8 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes=
=20
longer than the original theatrical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit do=
wn,=20
and in a continuous screening of the film, watch it with the Earth opening"=
. He=20
stated the "Earth opening" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of scenes=
 that were=20
in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the=
=20
film's theatrical release.[189] The release also includes an additional 45=
=20
minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initially stated t=
hat=20
Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010, but the studio issued =
a=20
correction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3=
D=20
Blu-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version woul=
d be=20
released some time in 2011.[185] It was later revealed that Fox had given=
=20
Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only with the=
=20
purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity period =
is=20
stated to last until February 2012.[191] On October 2010, Cameron stated th=
at=20
the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the film's home rel=
ease=20
and that it was "maybe one, two years out".[192] On Christmas Eve 2010, Ava=
tar=20
had its 3D television world premiere on Sky.[193][194][195] On August 13, 2=
012,=20
Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be released globally on Blu=
-ray=20
3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D version was finally released on October 16, 2012.[1=
97]=20
Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 31=
9=20
reviews are positive, and the average rating is 7.4/10. The site's consensu=
s=20
reads, "It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of=
=20
storytelling, but Avatar reaffirms James Cameron's singular gift for=20
imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."[198] On Metacritic =E2=80=94 which assi=
gns a=20
weighted mean score =E2=80=94 the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based o=
n 35=20
critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaSco=
re=20
gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographi=
c=20
surveyed was reported to give this rating. These polls also indicated that =
the=20
main draw of the film was its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago=20
Sun-Times called the film "extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of fou=
r.=20
"Watching Avatar, I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977,"=
 he=20
said, adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship =
of=20
the Ring, the film "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is=
 not=20
simply a sensational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical=
=20
breakthrough. It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201] A. O. Sco=
tt=20
of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he=
=20
viewed Star Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvio=
us,"=20
it was "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCarthy of Variety prai=
sed=20
the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating another=
=20
world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting."[204] =
Kirk=20
Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review. "The=
=20
screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust m=
usic=20
than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," he stated.[205] P=
eter=20
Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three-and-a-half out of four star=
=20
rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the possibilities of what=
=20
movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as his dreams."[206] Ric=
hard=20
Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was "the most vivid and=20
convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving=
=20
pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film has=
=20
"powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue" and "obvious=20
characterization".[208] James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film an=
d=20
its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In 3-D, it's immersi=
ve =E2=80=93=20
but the traditional film elements =E2=80=93 story, character, editing, them=
e, emotional=20
resonance, etc. =E2=80=93 are presented with sufficient expertise to make e=
ven the 2-D=20
version an engrossing 2+1=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underly=
ing social=20
and political themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New York Pres=
s=20
wrote that Cameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent=
=20
facets of militarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Russell D. Mo=
ore=20
of The Christian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and st=
ated=20
"If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud t=
he=20
defeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special=20
effects."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the=
=20
film, calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the=
=20
American colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs.=
=20
United Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film=
 is=20
"Cameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood's religion of choice=
 for=20
a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called the f=
ilm=20
a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general",[215] and=
=20
Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commended the film's=
=20
message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the=
=20
Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is another =
film=20
that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some white guy" become=
s=20
the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.[217] Michael Phillips of =
the=20
Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the season's ideological Rorschach blot",[21=
8]=20
while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thought that "It [was]=20
impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the=20
director's ideological hammer."[219] Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essenti=
al,=20
yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar's success concerns=
=20
contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and "the transition from the=
=20
world of reality to that of virtual reality".[220] Critics and audiences ha=
ve=20
cited similarities with other films, literature or media, describing the=20
perceived connections in ways ranging from simple "borrowing" to outright=
=20
plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called it "the same movie" as Dance=
s=20
with Wolves.[221] Like Dances with Wolves, Avatar has been characterized as=
=20
being a "white savior" movie, in which a "backwards" native people is impot=
ent=20
without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture.[222][223]=
=20
Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson's 1957=
=20
novelette "Call Me Joe", in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit =
to=20
control an artificial body on Jupiter.[224][225] Cinema audiences in Russia=
=20
have noted that Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe=
=20
novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, which are set in the 22nd century on=
 a=20
forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the=
=20
Nave.[226] Various reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully: The=
=20
Last Rainforest,[227][228] Pocahontas[229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's=
=20
Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of tropes, with one=20
commentator stating that Avatar was made by "mixing a bunch of film scripts=
 in=20
a blender".[231] Gary Westfahl wrote that "the science fiction story that m=
ost=20
closely resembles Avatar has to be Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for Wo=
rld=20
Is Forest (1972), another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who=
=20
happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until the=
y=20
are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that th=
e=20
only good gook is a dead gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor=
=20
Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the=
=20
"mash-up" included Alan Dean Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sourc=
es=20
saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic ima=
ges=20
of dragons and floating rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued Camer=
on=20
and Fox, claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sough=
t=20
damages of $50m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The Hollywood=
=20
Reporter noted that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cases.[236]=
=20
Avatar received compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg praising=
 it=20
as "the most evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since Star Wars" a=
nd=20
others calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and=20
"brilliant". Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian is also a=
=20
noted fan of the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said: "It's not=
 in=20
my top three James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you h=
ave=20
any doubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For French filmmaker Luc=20
Besson, Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the=
=20
graphic novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that technologically suppo=
rts the=20
scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original script=
 in=20
the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.[239] TIME ranked Avatar num=
ber=20
3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus Far)"[24=
0]=20
also earning it a spot on the magazine's All-Time 100 list,[241] and IGN li=
sted=20
Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-Fi movies of all time.=
=20


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Dsq96wMFGAB9w4wOPdLo5C8ayxsONGZBH_2gzazDOyGR>


 After the film's release and unusually strong box office performance over =
its=20
first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titan=
ic's=20
worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts.[=
294]=20
Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing=20
Titanic, such as 2008's The Dark Knight,[295] but Avatar was considered the=
=20
first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by=
=20
higher ticket prices for 3D screenings[294] did not fully explain its succe=
ss=20
to box office analysts. "Most films are considered to be healthy if they ma=
nage=20
anything less than a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dip=
ping=20
just 11% from the first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedia=
n,=20
president of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just=20
unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thought it was a=20
miscalculation."[296] Analysts predicted second place for the film's worldw=
ide=20
gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because "Today's=
=20
films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released."[296]=
=20
Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances =
of=20
becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though he also believed it =
was=20
too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays. He sai=
d,=20
"While Avatar may beat Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is=
=20
unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 chea=
per=20
in the late 1990s."[296] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to =
"try=20
to topple Titanic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord=
"=20
and there had been other good films in recent years.[297] He changed his=20
prediction by mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time,"=
 he=20
said.[298] You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fan=
tasy=20
and fiction, the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People want=
 a=20
persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the deta=
il=20
that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhere else. =
Like=20
Pandora. James Cameron on the success of Avatar[299] Although analysts have=
=20
been unable to agree that Avatar's success is attributable to one primary=
=20
factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, January is historic=
ally=20
"the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and this also applied to=
=20
2010.[300] Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so =
that=20
it would have less competition from then to January.[287] Titanic capitaliz=
ed=20
on the same January predictability, and earned most of its gross in 1998.[3=
00]=20
Additionally, Avatar established itself as a "must-see" event. Gray said, "=
At=20
this point, people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar and=
=20
would even if the slate was strong."[300] Marketing the film as a "novelty=
=20
factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that shou=
ld=20
be seen in the theaters. "It's really hard to sell the idea that you can ha=
ve=20
the same experience at home," stated David Mumpower, an analyst at=20
BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buzz" surrounding the film and=20
international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned=20
overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar opened in 106 markets=20
globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "such as Russia, wh=
ere=20
Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "mo=
re=20
screens and moviegoers" than before.[300] According to Variety, films in 3D=
=20
accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold increase over 2008 and more =
than=20
10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The increased ticket price =E2=80=
=93 an=20
average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets =E2=80=93 helped the film.[3=
00]=20
Likewise, Entertainment Weekly attributed the film's success to 3D glasses =
but=20
also to its "astronomic word-of-mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up=
 to=20
$18.50 for IMAX tickets, but "the buzz" created by the new technology was t=
he=20
possible cause for sold-out screenings.[301] Gray said Avatar having no bas=
is=20
in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and eve=
n=20
more impressive. "The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story=
 and=20
themes," he said, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-gross=
ing=20
films: Titanic (historical events), the Star Wars movies (an established fi=
lm=20
franchise), or The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell=20
..."[300] The Hollywood Reporter estimated that after a combined production=
 and=20
promotion cost of between $387=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net p=
rofit of=20
$1.2 billion.=20
------=_Part_47266_502434172.1698500323443
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" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"p=
resentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-tabl=
e-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row=
-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=
=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lsp=
ace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; colo=
r: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbo=
dy style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
<td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: =
left; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: top; border-to=
p: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" va=
lign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0=
" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"=
><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,He=
lvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: =
hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height:=
 0; margin: 0;">Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los=
 Angeles and Wellington. Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full=
 live-action shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and li=
ve environments. "Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea wh=
ich they're looking at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had a=
lready worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film.[66] The live=
 action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3-D Fus=
ion Camera System, developed by Cameron and Vince Pace.[67] In January 2007=
, Fox had announced that 3-D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames =
per second despite Cameron's strong opinion that a 3-D film requires higher=
 frame rate to make strobing less noticeable.[68] According to Cameron, the=
 film is composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, a=
s well as traditional miniatures.[69] Motion-capture photography lasted 31 =
days at the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles.[54][70] Li=
ve action photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Well=
ington and was scheduled to last 31 days.[71] More than a thousand people w=
orked on the production.[70] In preparation of the filming sequences, all o=
f the actors underwent professional training specific to their characters s=
uch as archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. The=
y received language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for =
the film.[72] Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent the cast to the H=
awaiian tropical rainforests[73] to get a feel for a rainforest setting bef=
ore shooting on the soundstage.[72] During filming, Cameron made use of his=
 virtual camera system, a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. T=
he system shows the actors' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundi=
ngs in real time, allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as=
 if shooting live action. According to Cameron, "It's like a big, powerful =
game engine. If I want to fly through space, or change my perspective, I ca=
n. I can turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on =
a 50 to 1 scale."[74] Using conventional techniques, the complete virtual w=
orld cannot be seen until the motion-capture of the actors is complete. Cam=
eron said this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting.=
 On the contrary, because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting=
 setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups, scenes do not need to be i=
nterrupted repeatedly.[75] Cameron described the system as a "form of pure =
creation where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or chang=
e the time of day, you have complete control over the elements".[76] Camero=
n gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson a chance to test=
 the new technology.[65] Spielberg said, "I like to think of it as digital =
makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back=
 to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they're wor=
king in live theater."[75] Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to vis=
it the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment.[77] To film the shot=
s where CGI interacts with live action, a unique camera referred to as a "s=
imulcam" was used, a merger of the 3-D fusion camera and the virtual camera=
 systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, the CGI=
 images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are supe=
rimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a=
 small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct the actors =
how to relate to the virtual material in the scene.[72] Due to Cameron's pe=
rsonal convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan=
) food to be served on set. </div></div></td></tr> </table></td></tr></tbod=
y></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-4" align=3D"cen=
ter" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=
=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso=
-table-rspace: 0; background-size: auto;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: borde=
r-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: bord=
er-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" c=
ellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: =
#fff; background-size: auto; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" wi=
dth=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100=
%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: =
0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-top: 2p=
x; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; b=
order-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block bl=
ock-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=
=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso=
-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; fon=
t-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" a=
lign=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width:=
 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-siz=
e: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">A number of innovative vis=
ual effects techniques were used during production. According to Cameron, w=
ork on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to=
 reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision=
 of the film.[13][14] The director planned to make use of photorealistic co=
mputer-generated characters, created using new motion capture animation tec=
hnologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 20=
06.[74] Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pa=
ndora's jungle,[80] a motion-capture stage or "volume" six times larger tha=
n any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressio=
ns, enabling full performance capture. To achieve the face capturing, actor=
s wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in=
 front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial e=
xpressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers.[81] According to Came=
ron, the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors' physi=
cal performances to their digital counterparts.[82] Besides the performance=
 capture data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous re=
ference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performanc=
e.[83] A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when th=
e computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and a=
ttention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light betwee=
n them.[84] The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington,=
 at one point employing 900 people to work on the film.[85] Because of the =
huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and available for =
everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud comput=
ing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia was created by Mic=
rosoft especially for Avatar, which allowed the crews to keep track of and =
coordinate all stages in the digital processing.[86] To render Avatar, Weta=
 used a 930 m2 (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packa=
rd servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three =
petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux, Grid Engine cluster=
 manager, and 2 of the animation software and managers, Pixar's RenderMan a=
nd Pixar's Alfred queue management system.[87][88][89][90] The render farm =
occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most po=
werful supercomputers. A new texturing and paint software system, called Ma=
ri, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta.[91][92] Creating=
 the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a peta=
byte of digital storage,[93] and each minute of the final footage for Avata=
r occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage.[94] It would often take the computer=
 several hours to render a single frame of the film.[95] To help finish pre=
paring the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companies w=
ere brought on board, including Industrial Light & Magic, which worked alon=
gside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences. ILM was responsible for =
the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised =
a new way to make CGI explosions.[96] Joe Letteri was the film's visual eff=
ects general supervisor.[97] Music and soundtrack Main article: Avatar: Mus=
ic from the Motion Picture James Horner =E2=80=93 "Jake Enters His Avatar W=
orld" 0:32 listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar. Problem=
s playing this file? See media help. Composer James Horner scored the film,=
 his third collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic.[98] Horner =
recorded parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien langua=
ge Na'vi in March 2008.[99] He also worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusic=
ologist, to create a music culture for the alien race.[100] The first scori=
ng sessions were planned to take place in early 2009.[101] During productio=
n, Horner promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project exce=
pt for Avatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning u=
ntil ten at night throughout the process. He stated in an interview, "Avata=
r has been the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I h=
ave undertaken."[102] Horner composed the score as two different scores mer=
ged into one. He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of soun=
d and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score to drive the fil=
m.[72] British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the=
 film, called "I See You". An accompanying music video, directed by Jake Na=
va, premiered December 15, 2009, on MySpace. </div></div></td></tr></table>=
<table class=3D"text_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=
=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; word-break: break-word;"><tr=
 style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box; padding-bottom: 7px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padd=
ing-top: 2px;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Tahoma,Ve=
rdana,sans-serif;"><div class style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1=
2px; font-family: Roboto,Tahoma,Verdana,Segoe,sans-serif; mso-line-height-a=
lt: 14.399999999999999px; color: #7da496; line-height: 1.2;"><p style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit; margin: 0; text-align: center; =
mso-line-height-alt: 14.399999999999999px;">Below is an important message f=
rom one of our highly valued sponsors. Please read it carefully as they hav=
e some special information to share with you.</p></div></div></td></tr></ta=
ble><table class=3D"divider_block block-3" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cell=
padding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: =
border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; paddin=
g-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-top: 5px;"><d=
iv class=3D"alignment" align=3D"center" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><=
table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation=
" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-=
table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"divide=
r_inner" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1px; line-height: 1px;=
 border-top: 1px solid #000;"><span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">&#820=
2;</span></td></tr></table></div></td></tr> </table></td></tr></tbody></tab=
le></td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-5" align=3D"center" wi=
dth=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"prese=
ntation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rs=
pace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing:=
 border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-con=
tent stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"=
0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace:=
 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #=
000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td =
class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; m=
so-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left=
; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; bo=
rder-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block blo=
ck-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=
=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso=
-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; fon=
t-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" a=
lign=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width:=
 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-siz=
e: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Avatar is primarily an act=
ion-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the context of imperialism, and=
 deep ecology.[104] Cameron said his inspiration was "every single science =
fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to update the style of Edg=
ar Rice Burroughs' John Carter series.[11] He acknowledged that Avatar shar=
es themes with the films At Play in the Fields of the Lord, The Emerald For=
est, and Princess Mononoke, which feature clashes between cultures and civi=
lizations, and with Dances with Wolves, where a battered soldier finds hims=
elf drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against.[105][106] He al=
so cited Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Princess Mononoke as an influ=
ence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[106] In 2012, Cameron filed a 45-page leg=
al declaration that intended to "describe in great detail the genesis of th=
e ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be Avatar."[107] In ad=
dition to historical events (such as European colonization of the Americas)=
, his life experiences and several of his unproduced projects, Cameron drew=
 connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited his script and=
 concept art for Xenogenesis, partially produced as a short film, as being =
the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar. He stated tha=
t Avatar's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature, the idea =
of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonization of alien=
 planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force, the story=
 of a seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically superior for=
ce, and the good scientist were all established and recurrent themes" from =
his earlier films including Aliens, The Abyss, Rambo: First Blood Part II, =
The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. He specifically mentioned th=
e "water tentacle" in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" that "takes on=
 the appearance of...an alien life form...in order to bridge the cultural g=
ap and build trust."[108] Cameron also cited a number of works by other cre=
ators as "reference points and sources of inspiration" for Avatar. These in=
clude two of his "favorite" films, 2001: A Space Odyssey, where mankind exp=
eriences an evolution after meeting alien life, and Lawrence of Arabia, whe=
re "an outsider...encounters and immerses into a foreign culture and then u=
ltimately joins that group to fight other outsiders." Cameron said he becam=
e familiar with the concept of a human operating a "synthetic avatar" insid=
e another world from George Henry Smith's short story "In the Imagicon" and=
 Arthur C. Clarke's novel The City and the Stars. He said he learned of the=
 term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk novels Neuromancer by William Gibso=
n and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling. The idea of a "world mind" orig=
inated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem. Cameron mentioned several oth=
er films about people interacting with "indigenous cultures" as inspiring h=
im, including Dances with Wolves, The Man Who Would Be King, The Mission, T=
he Emerald Forest, Medicine Man, The Jungle Book and FernGully. He also cit=
ed as inspiration the John Carter and Tarzan stories by Edgar Rice Burrough=
s and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H. Rider Haggard.[108]=
 In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was asked about the meanin=
g of the term Avatar, to which he replied, "It's an incarnation of one of t=
he Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means is that the=
 human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's intellige=
nce into a remotely located body, a biological body."[10] Cameron also cite=
d the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell, in terms of ho=
w humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities into, alien=
 bodies.[109][110] For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri, =
Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in the traditi=
on of Romeo and Juliet.[108] He acknowledged its similarity to the pairing =
of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic. An interviewer stated, "Both couple=
s come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their rel=
ationship and are forced to choose sides between the competing communities.=
"[113] Cameron described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas," saying that his plotl=
ine followed the historical story of a "white outsider [who] falls in love =
with the chief's daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe and to their =
special bond with nature."[108] Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake a=
nd Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially hinged on =
the physical attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which was develo=
ped by considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists.[114] Althoug=
h Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portr=
ayers (Worthington and Saldana) felt the characters did. Cameron said the t=
wo actors "had a great chemistry" during filming.[113] A gray mountain in t=
he middle of a forest. Pandora's floating "Hallelujah Mountains" were inspi=
red in part by the Chinese Huangshan mountains (pictured).[115] Zhangjiajie=
 National Forest Park For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the d=
esigners drew inspiration from "many different types of mountains, but main=
ly the karst limestone formations in China."[116] According to production d=
esigner Dylan Cole, the fictional floating rocks were inspired by Huangshan=
 (also known as Yellow Mountain), Guilin, Zhangjiajie, among others around =
the world.[116] Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the=
 design of the floating mountains.[117] To create the interiors of the huma=
n mining colony on Pandora, production designers visited the Noble Clyde Bo=
udreaux[118] oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during June 2007. They phot=
ographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the platform, which was later=
 replicated on-screen with photorealistic CGI during post-production. </div=
></div></td> </tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></tab=
le><table class=3D"row row-6" align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" =
cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizi=
ng: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"=
box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"cente=
r" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; b=
ackground-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000; width: 600px; margin:=
 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border=
-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" =
width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-ta=
ble-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-top: 5px; vertic=
al-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-lef=
t: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" wi=
dth=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"prese=
ntation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rs=
pace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"=
box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family:=
 Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"c=
enter"> <div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; ma=
x-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; ma=
x-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">The first photo of the film was re=
leased on August 14, 2009,[124] and Empire released exclusive images from t=
he film in its October issue.[125] Cameron, producer Jon Landau, Zoe Saldan=
a, Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel, moderated by Tom=
 Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on July 23. Twenty-five minutes o=
f footage was screened[126] in Dolby 3D.[127] Weaver and Cameron appeared a=
t additional panels to promote the film, speaking on the 23rd[128] and 24th=
[129][130] respectively. James Cameron announced at the Comic-Con Avatar Pa=
nel that August 21 will be 'Avatar Day'. On this day, the trailer was relea=
sed in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer and toy line of th=
e film were also unveiled on this day.[131] The 129-second trailer was rele=
ased online on August 20, 2009.[132] The new 210-second trailer was premier=
ed in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered online on Yah=
oo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews.[133][134] An extended version=
 in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[132] The Hollywood Re=
porter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [same] establis=
hment skepticism that preceded Titanic" and suggested the showing reflected=
 the desire for original storytelling.[135] The teaser has been among the m=
ost viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the first pl=
ace of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views.[136] On Octob=
er 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox all=
owed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number o=
f press.[137] The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of the film premiered liv=
e on November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Sta=
dium in Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's =
largest video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox. It is =
said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history.[138]=
 The Coca-Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketin=
g campaign to promote the film. The highlight of the campaign was the websi=
te AVTR.com. Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero, when held=
 in front of a webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D fea=
tures using augmented reality (AR) technology.[139] The film was heavily pr=
omoted in an episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The Gamer In T=
he Grease" (Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurr=
ing role on the program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the =
release of the film.[140] A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana=
 promoted the film on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Sp=
ace Ghost.[141] McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commerci=
als in Europe called "Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to=
 the website set up by Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to chang=
e into a Na'vi.[142] Books Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological =
and Social History of Pandora, a 224-page book in the form of a field guide=
 to the film's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora, was released by =
Harper Entertainment on November 24, 2009.[143] It is presented as a compil=
ation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life on it, wri=
tten by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison. HarperFestival also released Wilhe=
lm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The Reusable Scrapbook for children.[1=
44] The Art of Avatar was released on November 30, 2009, by Abrams Books. T=
he book features detailed production artwork from the film, including produ=
ction sketches, illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Produce=
r Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Cameron wrote the epilogue, and director P=
eter Jackson wrote the preface.[145] In October 2010, Abrams Books also rel=
eased The Making of Avatar, a 272-page book that detailed the film's produc=
tion process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustrations.[146=
] In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that he planned to write a novel versio=
n of Avatar after the film was released.[147] In February 2010, producer Jo=
n Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for Avatar that will "le=
ad up to telling the story of the movie, but it would go into much more dep=
th about all the stories that we didn't have time to deal with", saying tha=
t "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story that fills in a lot=
 of things".[148] In August 2013 it was announced that Cameron hired Steven=
 Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar universe.[149] an=
ce Post released a special limited edition stamp based on Avatar, coincidin=
g with the film's worldwide release. </div></div></td></tr></table><table c=
lass=3D"html_block block-2" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" c=
ellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso=
-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box=
;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; t=
ext-align: center;" align=3D"center"><table width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cel=
lpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; max-width=
: 100%;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td align=3D"center" valig=
n=3D"top" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <table class=3D"primary-table-=
limit content-table" bgcolor=3D"#FFFFFF" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cel=
lpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 6=
00px;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td class=3D"content-vertica=
l-space" align=3D"center" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 20=
px; padding-right: 20px;"> <table class=3D"content-inner-table" border=3D"0=
" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box; width: 100%;"> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <td height=
=3D"30" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;" c=
lass=3D"md-horizontal-space"></td> </tr> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x;"> <td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 1=
6px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align:=
 left; color: #000000;" align=3D"left"> <span style=3D"box-sizing: border-b=
ox; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: =
normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; color: #000000;"> Dear Friend,<=
br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;">=
 A major change is set to rock the entire U.S. banking system=E2=80=A6<br s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> As =
<a href=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c3=
0956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3D8305d60141d34901b1ce277cca341922&_e=3Dn9Q5yzXW3bLeFH=
oHKsYajgUb9RBitTE4TTIDvMb9zKC52Lt83wj4N5B7F0mhmLs7FlTxP-guY3JAujHn1O-z8ylfC=
_vVdUyjynS4xmHH1K33iA0ACbZc5Vqp_w8jzWL4xmcoK8s9HSTVY4PLjESSVzN7S9EwSHkI5qTq=
ymDoLBy8Tyrn1CI4G441AuvGF_CEUKia5BCfTfHdmNIOMW8A7i959W1gMgmmWHNpWKKV8Blggh2=
oDFw4DkgDE2pgQaAH" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; te=
xt-decoration: underline; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> I=E2=80=99ll=
 show you here</a>, this change could:<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"=
><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> </span> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"> <td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: R=
oboto; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-heigh=
t: 1.5; text-align: left; color: #000000; padding-left: 20px;" align=3D"lef=
t"> <span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: =
16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align=
: left; color: #000000;"> =C2=BB <em style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; text-=
decoration: underline;">KILL</em> the existing banking system=E2=80=A6<br s=
tyle=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> =C2=BB <em style=3D"box-sizing: border-bo=
x; text-decoration: underline;">KILL</em> the country=E2=80=99s payroll sys=
tem, and=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> =C2=BB <em style=3D=
"box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;">KILL</em> the U.S. do=
llar entirely!<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box;"> </span> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> =
<td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; =
font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left=
; color: #000000;" align=3D"left"> <span style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; f=
ont-family: Roboto; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: norma=
l; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; color: #000000;"> And here=E2=80=99s=
 the thing=E2=80=A6<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><br style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box;"> This change is all part of a <a href=3D"https://links.=
e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d854ef81ba1b6&_m=3D83=
05d60141d34901b1ce277cca341922&_e=3Dn9Q5yzXW3bLeFHoHKsYajgUb9RBitTE4TTIDvMb=
9zKC52Lt83wj4N5B7F0mhmLs7FlTxP-guY3JAujHn1O-z8ylfC_vVdUyjynS4xmHH1K0943ayz5=
ROa7j5Y5Vk7J-g-4uLM3z-apC5fxsVvPqGNyHUp5SJh_BHg29KbiQYAUakrGMTW_EnPxW09AtSA=
l6XtHQne_edgWvQuRNWGpAHFE146Cqdu5gWuJszN4wao_hMT_oU5TfohPKLK0hLYOnC" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; text-decoration: underline=
; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> plan by the U.S. government</a> =E2=
=80=94 and its set to go into full effect as soon as Dec 31<sup style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box; font-size: 10px;">st</sup>.<br style=3D"box-sizing: b=
order-box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;=
 mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; mar=
gin: 0;">Around this time, co-creator Kirby received a letter from a colleg=
e dormitory stating the Hulk had been chosen as its official mascot.[9] Kir=
by and Lee realized their character had found an audience in college-age re=
aders. A year and a half after The Incredible Hulk was canceled, the Hulk b=
ecame one of two features in Tales to Astonish, beginning in issue #60 (Oct=
. 1964).[21] This new Hulk feature was initially scripted by Lee, with penc=
ils by Steve Ditko and inks by George Roussos. Other artists later in this =
run included Jack Kirby (#68=E2=80=9387, June 1965 =E2=80=93 Oct. 1966); Gi=
l Kane (credited as "Scott Edwards", #76, (Feb. 1966)); Bill Everett (#78=
=E2=80=9384, April=E2=80=93Oct. 1966); John Buscema (#85=E2=80=9387); and M=
arie Severin. The Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains the L=
eader,[4] who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination, another=
 gamma-irradiated being.[4] Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Ta=
les to Astonish. Beginning with issue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitl=
ed The Incredible Hulk vol. 2,[22] and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled=
 the series and launched Hulk #1. Marvel filed for a trademark for "The Inc=
redible Hulk" in 1967, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office is=
sued the registration in 1970.[23] Len Wein wrote the series from 1974 thro=
ugh 1978, working first with Herb Trimpe, then, as of issue #194 (December =
1975), with Sal Buscema, who was the regular artist for ten years.[24] Issu=
es #180=E2=80=93181 (Oct.=E2=80=93Nov. 1974) introduced Wolverine as an ant=
agonist,[25] who would go on to become one of Marvel Comics' most popular c=
haracters. In 1977, Marvel launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk, a b=
lack-and-white comics magazine.[4] This was originally conceived as a flash=
back series, set between the end of his original, short-lived solo title an=
d the beginning of his feature in Tales to Astonish.[26] After nine issues,=
 the magazine was retitled The Hulk! and printed in color.[27] In 1977, two=
 Hulk television films were aired to strong ratings, leading to an Incredib=
le Hulk TV series that aired from 1978 to 1982. A huge ratings success, the=
 series introduced the popular Hulk catchphrase "Don't make me angry. You w=
ouldn't like me when I'm angry", and broadened the character's popularity f=
rom a niche comic book readership into the mainstream consciousness.[28] Bi=
ll Mantlo became the series' writer for five years beginning with issue #24=
5 (March 1980). Mantlo's "Crossroads of Eternity" stories (#300=E2=80=93313=
 (Oct. 1984 =E2=80=93 Nov. 1985)) explored the idea that Banner had suffere=
d child abuse. Later Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak have called thes=
e stories an influence on their approaches to the character.[29][30] Mantlo=
 left the series for Alpha Flight and that series' writer John Byrne took o=
ver The Incredible Hulk.[31] The final issue of Byrne's six issue run featu=
red the wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross.[32] Writer Peter David bega=
n a 12-year run with issue #331 (May 1987). He returned to the Roger Stern =
and Mantlo abuse storylines, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Ban=
ner as suffering dissociative identity disorder (DID).[4] In 1998, David ki=
lled off Banner's long-time love Betty Ross. Marvel executives used Ross' d=
eath as an opportunity to pursue the return of the Savage Hulk. David disag=
reed, leading to his parting ways with Marvel.[33] Also in 1998, Marvel rel=
aunched The Rampaging Hulk as a standard comic book rather than as a comics=
 magazine.[4] The Incredible Hulk was again cancelled with issue #474 of it=
s second volume in March 1999 and was replaced with a new series, Hulk the =
following month, with returning writer Byrne and art by Ron Garney.[34][35]=
 New series writer Paul Jenkins developed the Hulk's multiple dissociative =
identities,[36] and his run was followed by Bruce Jones[37] with his run fe=
aturing Banner being pursued by a secret conspiracy and aided by the myster=
ious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-issue Incredible Hulk run with the lim=
ited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1=E2=80=934 (Nov. 2004 =E2=80=93 Feb. =
2005), which Marvel published after putting the ongoing series on hiatus. P=
eter David, who had initially signed a contract for the six-issue Tempest F=
ugit limited series, returned as writer when it was decided to make that st=
ory the first five parts of the revived (vol. 3).[38] After a four-part tie=
-in to the "House of M" storyline and a one-issue epilogue, David left the =
series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for the sake of his c=
areer.[39] Writer Greg Pak took over the series in 2006, leading the Hulk t=
hrough several crossover storylines including "Planet Hulk" and "World War =
Hulk", which left the Hulk temporarily incapacitated and replaced as the se=
ries' title character by the demigod Hercules in the retitled The Incredibl=
e Hercules (Feb. 2008). The Hulk returned periodically in Hulk, which then =
starred the new Red Hulk.[40] In September 2009, The Incredible Hulk was re=
launched as The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #600.[40] The series was retitled =
The Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (Nov. 2010) to encompass the Hulk's ex=
panded family, and ran until issue #635 (Oct. 2011) when it was replaced wi=
th The Incredible Hulk (vol. 3) (15 issues, Dec. 2011 =E2=80=93 Dec. 2012) =
written by Jason Aaron with art by Marc Silvestri.[41] As part of Marvel's =
2012 Marvel NOW! relaunch, a series called Indestructible Hulk (Nov. 2012) =
debuted under the creative team of Mark Waid and Leinil Yu.[42] This series=
 was replaced in 2014 with The Hulk by Waid and artist Mark Bagley.[43] A n=
ew series titled The Immortal Hulk, written by Al Ewing and drawn by Joe Be=
nnett, was launched in 2018 and ran for 50 issues. The series had a spin-of=
f one-shot Immortal She-Hulk[44] and a spin-off series about Gamma Flight i=
n June 2021.[45] In November 2021, Donny Cates became the new writer of Hul=
k, with Ryan Ottley joining as artist. In May 2022, the series did a crosso=
ver with the Thor series, also written by Cates, entitled Hulk vs Thor: Ban=
ner of War. The series ran for 14 issues, with Ottley taking over as writer=
 for the last 4 issues afters Cates left the book.[46][47] In March 2023, i=
t was announced that a new volume of The Incredible Hulk would launch in Ju=
ne 2023, written by Philip Kennedy Johnson and drawn by Nic Klein. </div> S=
o, if you have any money in a U.S. checking or savings account, then <a hre=
f=3D"https://links.e.smartpeoplemail.com/u/click?_t=3Df88b7d4fa6b54c30956d8=
54ef81ba1b6&_m=3D8305d60141d34901b1ce277cca341922&_e=3Dn9Q5yzXW3bLeFHoHKsYa=
jgUb9RBitTE4TTIDvMb9zKC52Lt83wj4N5B7F0mhmLs7FlTxP-guY3JAujHn1O-z8ylfC_vVdUy=
jynS4xmHH1K0Kub2rqP9uV5vEzNp7Up3BGVyZKUNGwCaHMFOxK4nOw_G4q28Zv7cS4ViOobZLsZ=
9jN0eAokyFtLx3o5A8-Teu4edV5wPypRN7KxmrqgZ8vEL8CY0neS0ucQZkkW6TVbJmbWHIECTrx=
erzpmSaJtc_" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; text-dec=
oration: underline; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> click here and rea=
d this urgent message right away =C2=BB</a><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box;"><br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"> In it to win it,<br style=3D"b=
ox-sizing: border-box;"> Andrew Zatlin<br style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"=
> Global Economist, Moneyball Economics </span> </td> </tr> <tr style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"> <td height=3D"30" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizin=
g: border-box; max-width: 100%;" class=3D"md-horizontal-space"></td> </tr> =
</table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table></div></td></tr></table><=
table class=3D"html_block block-3" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=
=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,san=
s-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso=
-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin:=
 0;">Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and=
 was released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18.[156] The film =
was originally set for release on May 22, 2009, during filming[157] but was=
 pushed back to allow more post-production time (the last shots were delive=
red in November)[80] and give more time for theaters worldwide to install 3=
D projectors.[158] Cameron stated that the film's aspect ratio would be 1.7=
8:1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39:1 image would be extracted for 2D scr=
eenings.[159][160] However, a 3D 2.39:1 extract was approved for use with c=
onstant-image-height screens (i.e., screens that increase in width to displ=
ay 2.39:1 films).[161] During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 1=
6, the movie's DRM "protection" system malfunctioned, and some copies deliv=
ered weren=E2=80=99t watched at all in the theaters. The problems were fixe=
d in time for the public premiere.[162] Avatar was released in a total of 3=
,457 theaters in the US, of which 2,032 theaters showed it in 3D. In total,=
 90% of all advance ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings.[163] In=
ternationally, Avatar opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territorie=
s, of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D (producing 56% of the first w=
eekend gross).[164][165] The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D f=
ormat, opening in 178 theaters in the United States on December 18. The int=
ernational IMAX release included 58 theaters beginning on December 16, and =
25 more theaters were to be added in the coming weeks.[166] The IMAX releas=
e was the company's widest to date, a total of 261 theaters worldwide. The =
previous IMAX record opening was Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, wh=
ich opened in 161 IMAX theaters in the US, and about 70 international.[167]=
 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later released Avatar in 4D version, wh=
ich included "moving seats, smells of explosives, sprinkling water, laser l=
ights and wind".[20] Post-original release In July 2010, Cameron confirmed =
that there would be an extended theatrical rerelease of the film on August =
27, 2010, exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D.[168] Avatar: Special Edit=
ion includes an additional nine minutes of footage, all of which is CG,[169=
] including an extension of the sex scene[170] and various other scenes tha=
t were cut from the original theatrical film.[169] This extended re-release=
 resulted in the film's run time approaching the then-current IMAX platter =
maximum of 170 minutes, thereby leaving less time for the end credits. Came=
ron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost more than $1 million =
a minute to produce and finish.[171] During its 12-week re-release, Avatar:=
 Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in North America and =
$22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2 million.[5] The film=
 was later re-released in China in March 2021, allowing it to surpass Aveng=
ers: Endgame to become the highest-grossing film of all time.[24] Avatar wa=
s re-released in theaters on September 23, 2022, by Walt Disney Studios Mot=
ion Pictures for a limited two week engagement, with the film being remaste=
red in 4K high-dynamic range, with select scenes at a high frame rate of 48=
-frames-per-second.[172] The reissue was prior to the December 2022 premier=
e of its sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water.[173] Prior to this, Cameron prev=
iously teased a re-release of the film back in 2017 when promoting the Dolb=
y Cinema re-release of Titanic, stating that there were plans in the works =
to remaster the film with Dolby Vision and re-release it in Dolby Cinema. <=
/div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></=
table><table class=3D"row row-7" align=3D"center" width=3D"100%" border=3D"=
0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-s=
izing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td styl=
e=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><table class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"c=
enter" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentatio=
n" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: =
0; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 0; color: #000; width: 600px; mar=
gin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: bo=
rder-box;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column=
-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; ms=
o-table-rspace: 0; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 5px;=
 padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; bor=
der-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;" align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=
=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
pacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-tab=
le-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><=
td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing=
: border-box; font-family: Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-=
align: center;" align=3D"center"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; disp=
lay: none; width: 0px; max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; he=
ight: 0; font-size: 0; max-height: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;">Home medi=
a 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu-ray =
in the US on April 22, 2010,[175] and in the UK on April 26.[176] The US re=
lease was not on a Tuesday as is the norm, but was done to coincide with Ea=
rth Day.[177] The first DVD and Blu-ray release does not contain any supple=
mental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in favor o=
f and to make space for optimal picture and sound. The release also preserv=
es the film's native 1.78:1 (16:9) format as Cameron felt that was the best=
 format to watch the film.[178] The Blu-ray disc contains DRM (BD+ 5) which=
 some Blu-ray players might not support without a firmware update.[179][180=
] Avatar set a first-day launch record in the U.S. for Blu-ray sales at 1.5=
 million units sold, breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight=
 (600,000 units sold). First-day DVD and Blu-ray sales combined were over f=
our million units sold.[181] In its first four days of release, sales of Av=
atar on Blu-ray reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada =E2=80=
=93 overtaking The Dark Knight to become the best ever selling Blu-ray rele=
ase in the region.[182][183] The release later broke the Blu-ray sales reco=
rd in the UK the following week.[184] In its first three weeks of release, =
the film sold a total of 19.7 million DVD and Blu-ray discs combined, a new=
 record for sales in that period.[185] As of July 18, 2012, DVD sales (not =
including Blu-ray) totaled over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 i=
n revenue.[186] Avatar retained its record as the top-selling Blu-ray in th=
e US market until January 2015, when it was surpassed by Disney's Frozen.[1=
87] The Avatar three-disc Extended Collector's Edition on DVD and Blu-ray w=
as released on November 16, 2010. Three different versions of the film are =
present on the discs: the original theatrical cut (162 minutes), the specia=
l edition cut (170 minutes), and a collector's extended cut (178 minutes). =
The DVD set spreads the film across two discs, while the Blu-ray set presen=
ts it on a single disc.[188] The collector's extended cut contains 8 more m=
inutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original theat=
rical cut. Cameron mentioned, "you can sit down, and in a continuous screen=
ing of the film, watch it with the Earth opening". He stated the "Earth ope=
ning" is an additional 4+1=E2=81=842 minutes of scenes that were in the fil=
m for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the film's thea=
trical release.[189] The release also includes an additional 45 minutes of =
deleted scenes and other extras.[188] Cameron initially stated that Avatar =
would be released in 3D around November 2010, but the studio issued a corre=
ction: "3-D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3D Blu=
-ray in November."[190] In May 2010, Fox stated that the 3D version would b=
e released some time in 2011.[185] It was later revealed that Fox had given=
 Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu-ray version and only with th=
e purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV. The length of Panasonic's exclusivity perio=
d is stated to last until February 2012.[191] On October 2010, Cameron stat=
ed that the standalone 3D Blu-ray would be the final version of the film's =
home release and that it was "maybe one, two years out".[192] On Christmas =
Eve 2010, Avatar had its 3D television world premiere on Sky.[193][194][195=
] On August 13, 2012, Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be re=
leased globally on Blu-ray 3D.[196] The Blu-ray 3D version was finally rele=
ased on October 16, 2012.[197] Reception Critical response On review aggreg=
ator Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 319 reviews are positive, and the average rati=
ng is 7.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "It might be more impressive on a=
 technical level than as a piece of storytelling, but Avatar reaffirms Jame=
s Cameron's singular gift for imaginative, absorbing filmmaking."[198] On M=
etacritic =E2=80=94 which assigns a weighted mean score =E2=80=94 the film =
has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "universal acc=
laim".[199] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade =
of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Every demographic surveyed was reported to give=
 this rating. These polls also indicated that the main draw of the film was=
 its use of 3D.[200] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "=
extraordinary" and gave it four stars out of four. "Watching Avatar, I felt=
 sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977," he said, adding that li=
ke Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the fil=
m "employs a new generation of special effects" and it "is not simply a sen=
sational entertainment, although it is that. It's a technical breakthrough.=
 It has a flat-out Green and anti-war message".[201] A. O. Scott of At The =
Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he viewed St=
ar Wars and he said "although the script is a little bit ... obvious," it w=
as "part of what made it work".[202][203] Todd McCarthy of Variety praised =
the film, saying "The King of the World sets his sights on creating another=
 world entirely in Avatar, and it's very much a place worth visiting."[204]=
 Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review. =
"The screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more rob=
ust music than any dozen sci-fi shoot-'em-ups you care to mention," he stat=
ed.[205] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three-and-a-half o=
ut of four star rating and wrote in his print review "It extends the possib=
ilities of what movies can do. Cameron's talent may just be as big as his d=
reams."[206] Richard Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was "th=
e most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the hi=
story of moving pictures."[207] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thou=
ght the film has "powerful" visual accomplishments but "flat dialogue" and =
"obvious characterization".[208] James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised th=
e film and its story, giving it four out of four stars; he wrote "In 3-D, i=
t's immersive =E2=80=93 but the traditional film elements =E2=80=93 story, =
character, editing, theme, emotional resonance, etc. =E2=80=93 are presente=
d with sufficient expertise to make even the 2-D version an engrossing 2+1=
=E2=81=842-hour experience."[209] Avatar's underlying social and political =
themes attracted attention. Armond White of the New York Press wrote that C=
ameron used "villainous American characters" to "misrepresent facets of mil=
itarism, capitalism, and imperialism".[210][211] Russell D. Moore of The Ch=
ristian Post concluded that "propaganda exists in the film" and stated "If =
you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud the d=
efeat of their country in war, then you've got some amazing special effects=
."[212] Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the film, =
calling its anti-imperialist message "a 22nd-century version of the America=
n colonists vs. the British, India vs. the Raj, or Latin America vs. United=
 Fruit".[213] Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film is "C=
ameron's long apologia for pantheism [...] Hollywood's religion of choice f=
or a generation now",[214] while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called th=
e film a "misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general",[2=
15] and Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times, on the contrary, commended the=
 film's message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism =
in the Bhagavad Gita.[216] Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is a=
nother film that has the recurring "fantasy about race" whereby "some white=
 guy" becomes the "most awesome" member of a non-white culture.[217] Michae=
l Phillips of the Chicago Tribune called Avatar "the season's ideological R=
orschach blot",[218] while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thou=
ght that "It [was] impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the=
 head with the director's ideological hammer."[219] Nidesh Lawtoo believed =
that an essential, yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar=
's success concerns contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and "the=
 transition from the world of reality to that of virtual reality".[220] Cri=
tics and audiences have cited similarities with other films, literature or =
media, describing the perceived connections in ways ranging from simple "bo=
rrowing" to outright plagiarism. Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called it "the=
 same movie" as Dances with Wolves.[221] Like Dances with Wolves, Avatar ha=
s been characterized as being a "white savior" movie, in which a "backwards=
" native people is impotent without the leadership of a member of the invad=
ing white culture.[222][223] Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar =
are in Poul Anderson's 1957 novelette "Call Me Joe", in which a paralyzed m=
an uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial body on Jupiter.[224][=
225] Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that Avatar has elements in comm=
on with the 1960s Noon Universe novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, whic=
h are set in the 22nd century on a forested world called Pandora with a sen=
tient indigenous species called the Nave.[226] Various reviews have compare=
d Avatar to the films FernGully: The Last Rainforest,[227][228] Pocahontas[=
229] and The Last Samurai.[230] NPR's Morning Edition has compared the film=
 to a montage of tropes, with one commentator stating that Avatar was made =
by "mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender".[231] Gary Westfahl wrote =
that "the science fiction story that most closely resembles Avatar has to b=
e Ursula Le Guin's novella The Word for World Is Forest (1972), another epi=
c about a benevolent race of alien beings who happily inhabit dense forests=
 while living in harmony with nature until they are attacked and slaughtere=
d by invading human soldiers who believe that the only good gook is a dead =
gook".[225] The science fiction writer and editor Gardner Dozois said that =
along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories, the "mash-up" included Alan De=
an Foster's 1975 novel, Midworld.[232] Some sources saw similarities to the=
 artwork of Roger Dean, which features fantastic images of dragons and floa=
ting rock formations.[233][234] In 2013, Dean sued Cameron and Fox, claimin=
g that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images. Dean sought damages of $50=
m.[235] Dean's case was dismissed in 2014, and The Hollywood Reporter noted=
 that Cameron had won multiple Avatar idea theft cases.[236] Avatar receive=
d compliments from filmmakers, with Steven Spielberg praising it as "the mo=
st evocative and amazing science-fiction movie since Star Wars" and others =
calling it "audacious and awe inspiring", "master class", and "brilliant". =
Noted art director-turned-filmmaker Roger Christian is also a noted fan of =
the film.[237] On the other hand, Duncan Jones said: "It's not in my top th=
ree James Cameron films. ... [A]t what point in the film did you have any d=
oubt what was going to happen next?".[238] For French filmmaker Luc Besson,=
 Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the graphic=
 novel series Val=C3=A9rian and Laureline that technologically supports the=
 scope of its source material, with Besson even throwing his original scrip=
t in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film.[239] TIME ranked Avata=
r number 3 in their list of "The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium (Thus=
 Far)"[240] also earning it a spot on the magazine's All-Time 100 list,[241=
] and IGN listed Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci-Fi mov=
ies of all time. </div></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></tbody></table></=
td></tr></tbody></table><table class=3D"row row-8" align=3D"center" width=
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tion" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspac=
e: 0; background-size: auto;"> <tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr=
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able class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=
=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; back=
ground-size: auto; color: #000; width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" width=3D"600=
" bgcolor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"bo=
x-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=
=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-=
weight: 400; text-align: left; background-color: #f5f5f5; padding-bottom: 5=
px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-ali=
gn: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;"=
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ck block-1" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0"=
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yle=3D"box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 10px;"><img src=3D"https://d15k=
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ace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0;"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr =
style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><ta=
ble class=3D"row-content stack" align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=
=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentation" style=3D"box-sizing: border-=
box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; background-color: #fff; bord=
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olor=3D"#fff"><tbody style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style=3D"box-siz=
ing: border-box;"><td class=3D"column column-1" width=3D"100%" style=3D"box=
-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: 0; font-weight:=
 400; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-ali=
gn: top; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; border-left: 0;"=
 align=3D"left" valign=3D"top"><table class=3D"html_block block-1" width=3D=
"100%" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" role=3D"presentatio=
n" style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; mso-table-lspace: 0; mso-table-rspace: =
0;"><tr style=3D"box-sizing: border-box;"><td class=3D"pad" style=3D"box-si=
zing: border-box;"><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial=
,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;" align=3D"center"=
><div style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; display: none; width: 0px; max-heigh=
t: 0px; overflow: hidden; mso-hide: all; height: 0; font-size: 0; max-heigh=
t: 0; line-height: 0; margin: 0;"> After the film's release and unusually s=
trong box office performance over its first two weeks, it was debated as th=
e one film capable of surpassing Titanic's worldwide gross, and its continu=
ed strength perplexed box office analysts.[294] Other films in recent years=
 had been cited as contenders for surpassing Titanic, such as 2008's The Da=
rk Knight,[295] but Avatar was considered the first film with a genuine cha=
nce to do so, and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D sc=
reenings[294] did not fully explain its success to box office analysts. "Mo=
st films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less than a 5=
0% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dipping just 11% from the=
 first to the third is unheard of," said Paul Dergarabedian, president of b=
ox-office analysis for Hollywood.com. "This is just unprecedented. I had to=
 do a double take. I thought it was a miscalculation."[296] Analysts predic=
ted second place for the film's worldwide gross, but most were uncertain ab=
out it surpassing Titanic because "Today's films flame out much faster than=
 they did when Titanic was released."[296] Brandon Gray, president of Box O=
ffice Mojo, believed in the film's chances of becoming the highest-grossing=
 film of all time, though he also believed it was too early to surmise beca=
use it had only played during the holidays. He said, "While Avatar may beat=
 Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is unlikely to surpass Ti=
tanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s.=
"[296] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to "try to topple Tit=
anic off its perch" because it "just struck some kind of chord" and there h=
ad been other good films in recent years.[297] He changed his prediction by=
 mid-January. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time," he said.[298=
] You've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fantasy and =
fiction, the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks. People want a p=
ersistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the detai=
l that makes it rich and worth their time. They want to live somewhere else=
. Like Pandora. James Cameron on the success of Avatar[299] Although analys=
ts have been unable to agree that Avatar's success is attributable to one p=
rimary factor, several explanations have been advanced. First, January is h=
istorically "the dumping ground for the year's weakest films", and this als=
o applied to 2010.[300] Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in=
 December so that it would have less competition from then to January.[287]=
 Titanic capitalized on the same January predictability, and earned most of=
 its gross in 1998.[300] Additionally, Avatar established itself as a "must=
-see" event. Gray said, "At this point, people who are going to see Avatar =
are going to see Avatar and would even if the slate was strong."[300] Marke=
ting the film as a "novelty factor" also helped. Fox positioned the film as=
 a cinematic event that should be seen in the theaters. "It's really hard t=
o sell the idea that you can have the same experience at home," stated Davi=
d Mumpower, an analyst at BoxOfficeProphets.com.[300] The "Oscar buzz" surr=
ounding the film and international viewings helped. "Two-thirds of Titanic'=
s haul was earned overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly ...Avatar opened=
 in 106 markets globally and was No. 1 in all of them", and the markets "su=
ch as Russia, where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white=
-hot today" with "more screens and moviegoers" than before.[300] According =
to Variety, films in 3D accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009, "a threefold incr=
ease over 2008 and more than 10% of the total 2009 box-office gross". The i=
ncreased ticket price =E2=80=93 an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most m=
arkets =E2=80=93 helped the film.[300] Likewise, Entertainment Weekly attri=
buted the film's success to 3D glasses but also to its "astronomic word-of-=
mouth". Not only do some theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX tickets, but=
 "the buzz" created by the new technology was the possible cause for sold-o=
ut screenings.[301] Gray said Avatar having no basis in previously establis=
hed material makes its performance remarkable and even more impressive. "Th=
e movie might be derivative of many movies in its story and themes," he sai=
d, "but it had no direct antecedent like the other top-grossing films: Tita=
nic (historical events), the Star Wars movies (an established film franchis=
e), or The Lord of the Rings (literature). It was a tougher sell ..."[300] =
The Hollywood Reporter estimated that after a combined production and promo=
tion cost of between $387=E2=80=93437 million, the film turned a net profit=
 of $1.2 billion. </div></div></td></tr> </table></td></tr></tbody></table>=
</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><!-- End --></body></ht=
ml>
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